Abstract
We analyze how to develop an agent-based system in which agents evolve co-evolutionary endogenous rules of behavior by using best response and emotions. We show that best response is not sufficient to define complete and consistent rules of behavior and we prove that the use of emotions, which complement reason, is necessary to learn rules of behavior. We model four different emotions (apathy, patience, anger and confidence) which enable the agent to deal with the rewards and with others. We propose an algorithm to model automata-based systems incorporating rationality and emotions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Ashrat N., Camerer C.F., Loewenstein G. (2005) Adam Smith, Behavioral Economist. Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(3): 131–145
Banks J.S., Sundaram R.K. (1990) Repeated games, finite automata, and complexity. Games and Economic Behavior 2: 97–117
Bates, J. (1994, July). The role of emotion in believable agents. Communications of the ACM. Special issue on agents.
Bazzan A.L., Bordini R.H., Campbell J.A. (2002) Evolution of agents with moral sentiments in an iterated prisoner’s Dilemma exercise. In: Parsons S., Gmytrasiewicz P.J., Wooldridge M. (eds) Game theory and decision theory in agent-based systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 43–64
Botelho L., Coelho H. (2001) Machinery for artificial emotions. Journal of Cybernetics and Systems 32(5): 465–506
Breazeal C. (2002) Designing sociable robots. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Capra C.M. (2004) Mood-driven behavior in strategic interactions. American Economic Review 94(2): 367–372
Carmel D., Markovitch S. (1998) Pruning algorithms for multi-model adversary search. Artificial Intelligence 99(2): 325–355
Crandall, J. W., & Goodrich, M. A. (2004). Multiagent learning during on-going human-machine interactions: The role of reputation. In AAAI spring symposium: Interaction between humans and autonomous systems over extended operation. http://www.mit.edu/~jcrandal/.
Damasio A.R. (1994) Descartes error—emotion, reason and the human brain. Gosset/Putnam Press, New York
Fiedler K., Bless H. (2000) The interface of affective and cognitive processes. In: Frijda N.H., Manstead A.S., Bem S. (eds) Emotions and beliefs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge MA
Frijda N., Swagerman J. (1987) Can computers feel? Theory and design of an emotional model. Cognition and Emotion 1(3): 235–357
Gilboa I. (1988) The complexity of computing best-response automata in repeated games. Journal of Economic Theory 45: 342–352
Gmytrasiewicz P.J., Lisetti C.L. (2002) Emotions and personality in agent design and modeling. In: Parsons S., Gmytrasiewicz P.J., Wooldridge M. (eds) Game theory and decision theory in agent-based systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 81–95
Hopcroft J.E., Ullman J.D. (1979) Introduction to automata theory, languages and computation. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
Lazarus R.S. (1991) Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press, New York
Marinier, R., & Laird, J. (2004). Toward a comprehensive computational model of emotions and feelings. In Proceedings of sixth international conference on cognitive modeling (pp. 172–177). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Murphy R.R., Lisetti C.L., Tardif R., Irish L., Gage A. (2002) Emotion-based control of cooperating heterogeneous mobile robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 18(5): 744–757
Nicholson, A. E., Zukerman, I., & Oliver, C. D. (1998). Towards a society of affect-driven agents. In Proceedings of the 20th cognitive science society, Madison, WI.
Oliveira, F. S. (2009). Limitations of learning in automata-based systems. European Journal of Operational Research. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2009.08.018.
Picard R.W. (2000) Affective computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Pozanski M., Thagard P. (2005) Changing personalities: Towards realistic virtual characters. Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 17(3): 221–241
Rosati A.G., Stevens J.R., Hare B., Hauser M.D. (2007) The evolutionary origins of human patience: Temporal preferences in chimpanzees, bonobos, and human adults. Current Biology 17(19): 1663–1668
Rothovius, T. (2007). Analyst self-confidence and forecast rationality. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=967419. Retrieved 1 Feb 2007.
Weld D. (1999) Recent advances in AI planning. AI Magazine 20(2): 93–123
Zizzo, D. J. (2003). Anger, rationality and neuroeconomics. Discussion paper series, no. 182. Department of Economics, Oxford. http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/Research/wp/pdf/paper182.pdf.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oliveira, F.S. Modeling Emotions and Reason in Agent-Based Systems. Comput Econ 35, 155–164 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-009-9188-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-009-9188-0