Skip to main content
Log in

Mapping matters: geoprofiling application in South African serial rape investigation

  • Published:
Crime, Law and Social Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Generally, the application of geographic profiling (also known as geoprofiling) is under-researched and its scientific and theoretical foundations, as well as the existing research evidence of its effectiveness, claimed to be inadequate and questionable. Notwithstanding, the present study explored the role of geographic profiling, in the context of the South African serial rapist, by scrutinising, amongst others, the locations of their crime sites. The basic theoretical assumptions underlying geographic profiling, their empirical validity, methods of constructing geographic profiles, and geographic profiling’s accuracy were also probed. Findings presented pioneering criminological insights on how serial rapists navigated to and from their crime sites, which could potentially assist national and international crime investigators with the prediction of subsequent offence locales.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Coetzer, P. (2005). ‘Rape in contemporary South Africa-more vexing and vicious than ever’. Journal for Contemporary History, 2005 - journals.ufs.ac.za.

  2. Gordon, D. R. (2009). Transformation and trouble: Crime, justice, and participation in democratic South Africa. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Vetten, L. (2014). ‘Rape and other forms of sexual violence in South Africa’, Institute for Security Studies, Policy Brief 72.

  4. Interpol has named South Africa the “Rape Capital of the World”. Rape & sexual abuse affects men, women and children from all walks of life. (2016). https://tears.co.za/wp-content/uploads/presentation.pdf. Accessed on 12 January 2017.

  5. Institute for Security Studies. (2017). Available at: https://issafrica.org/

  6. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Collins, K. M. T. (2007). A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report, 12(2), 281–316.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Johnson, R. B. (2006). The validity issue in mixed research. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 48–63.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Teddlie, C. (2003). A framework for analyzing data in mixed methods research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 351–383). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Heap, V., & Waters, J. (2019). Mixed methods in criminology. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Kocsis, R. N., & Irwin, H. J. (1997). An analysis of spatial patterns in serial rape, arson, and burglary: The utility of the circle theory of environmental range for psychological profiling. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law, 4(2), 195–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Rossmo, D. K. (1995). Place, space, and police investigations: Hunting serial violent criminals. Simon Fraser University, BC Canada, V5A 1S6.

  12. Felson, M., & Cohen, L. (1998). Human ecology and crime: A routine activity approach. Human Ecology, 8(4), 389–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lundrigan, S., & Canter, D. (2001). Spatial patterns of serial murder: An analysis of disposal site location choice. Behavioural Sciences and the Law, 19, 595–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Rossmo, D. K. (2000). Geographic profiling. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Churchland, P. (1989). A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science (pp. 95–115). Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (2003). Anticipating the displacement of crime using the principles of environmental criminology. Crime Prevention Studies, 16, 119–148.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activities approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Felson, M. (1987). Routine activities and crime prevention in the developing metropolis. Criminology, 25, 911–931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Brantingham, P.J. and Brantingham, P.L. (1991). Introduction to the 1991 reissue: Notes on environmental criminology. In Brantingham, P. J. & Brantingham, P. L. (eds.), Environmental criminology. Waveland press; Prospect Heights, ILL: 1–6.

  20. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (2003). Anticipating the displacement of crime using the principles of environmental criminology. In M. J. Smith & D. B. Cornish (Eds.), Theory for practice in situational crime prevention (pp. 119–148). Monsey: Criminal justice press.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (1981). Introduction: The dimensions of crime. In P. J. Brantingham & P. L. Brantingham (Eds.), Environmental criminology (pp. 6–26). Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (1981). Environmental criminology. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  23. LeBeau, J. L. (1985). Some problems with measuring and describing rape presented by the serial offender. Justice Quarterly, 2, 385–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lopez, J. (2004). The spatial behaviour of residential burglars. RCM-advies, The Netherlands.

  25. LeBeau, J. L. (1987). The methods and measures of centrography and the spatial dynamics of rape. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3(2), 125–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Warren, J., Reboussin, R., Hazelwood, R., Cummings, A., Gibbs, N., & Trumbetta, S. (1998). Crime scene and distance correlates of serial rape. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 35–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. LeBeau, J. L. (1992). Four case studies illustrating the spatial-temporal analysis of serial rapists. Police Studies, 15, 124–145.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kocsis, R., Hayes, A., & Irwin, H. (2002). Investigative experience and accuracy in psychological profiling of a violent crime. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(8), 811–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Canter, D., & Larkin, P. (1993). The environmental range of serial rapists. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 63–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Canter, D., Coffey, T., Huntley, M., & Missen, C. (2000). Predicting serial killers’ Home Base using a decision support system. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, 457–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Turner, S. (1969). ‘Delinquency and distance’. In Sellin, T. and Wolfgang, M. eds. Delinquency: Selected studies. Wiley; New York: 11–26.

  32. Godwin, G. (2000). Criminal psychology and forensic technology. A collaborative approach to effective profiling. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. The National Institute of Justice. (2006). Journal No. 253, January 2006.

  34. Felson, M., & Clarke, R. (1998). ‘Opportunity makes the thief. Practical theory for crime prevention’. Police Research Series, 98. London: Home Office.

  35. Beauregard, E., Rossmo, K., & Proulx, J. (2007). A descriptive model of the hunting process of serial sex offenders: A rational choice perspective. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 449–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Georges, D. (1978). ‘The geography of crime and violence: A spatial and ecological perspective’. Association of American Geographers: Resource papers for college geography, 78 (1).

  37. Wortley, R., & Mazerolle, L. (2011). Environmental criminology and crime analysis. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Van Koppen, P. J., & De Keijser, J. W. (1998). The road to robbery: Travel patterns in commercial robberies. British Journal of Criminology, 38, 230–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. O'Leary, M. (2006). ‘A new mathematical technique for geographic profiling’. Poster session presented at the NIJ conference, Washington, DC.

  40. Paulsen, D. (2007). Improving geographic profiling through commuter/marauder prediction. Police Practice and Research, 8, 347–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. English, W. (2008). The practical application of geographic profiling, a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of the MA in forensic psychology: The Chicago School of Professional Psychology.

  42. Hicks, S., & Sales, B. (2006). Criminal profiling. Developing an effective science and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  43. Monette, D., Sullivan, T., & DeJong, C. (2008). Applied social research: A tool for the human services (8th ed.). Brookes/Cole, Cengage Learning: Belmont.

    Google Scholar 

  44. De Vos, A. S., Strydom, H., Fouché, C. B., & Delport, C. S. L. (2011). Research at the grass roots for the social sciences and human service professions (4th ed.). Pretoria: JL Van Schaik Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hanson, W., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counselling psychology. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 52(2), 224–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Wankel, C. (2009). Encyclopaedia of business in today's world. Thousand oaks, CA: SAGE publications, Inc.: 1366-1367.

  48. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dolma, S. (2010). Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business Administration. Cilt/Vol:39, Sayı/no:1, 2010, 169-174.

  50. Bachman, R. and Schutt, R. (2015). Fundamentals of research in criminology and criminal justice, 3rd ed. University of Delaware, University of Massachusetts. SAGE publications Inc.: 105.

  51. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Sandelowski, M., Voils, C. I., & Knafl, G. (2009). On quantitizing. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(3), 208–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2003). Major issues and controversies in the use of mixed methods in the social and behavioural sciences. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and Behavioural research (pp. 3–50). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approached in the social and behavioral sciences. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2003). The past and the future of mixed methods research: From ‘methodological triangulation’ to ‘mixed methods designs’. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and Behavioural research (pp. 671–701). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gerson, K., & Horowitz, R. (2002). Observation and interviewing: Options and choices. In T. May (Ed.), Qualitative research in action. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Elgin, C. (1999). Considered judgment (pp. 10–14). Princeton University Press: Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Myers, M. D. (2009). Qualitative research in business and management. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Guest, G., Namey, E. E., & Mitchell, M. L. (2013). Collecting qualitative data: A field manual for applied research. Los Angeles: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  63. Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (1998). Environmental criminology: From theory to urban planning practice. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 7, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Canter, D. (D.Canter@hud.ac.uk) (11 March, 14 May 2016). Personal communication, Re: Commuter offenders.

  66. Godwin, M. (drgodwin@drmauricegodwin.com) (25, 26, August 2016). Electronic correspondence. Re: Geographic profiling.

  67. Bernasco, W. (2014). Crime journeys: Patterns of offender mobility. Subject: Criminology and Criminal Justice, Offender Decision-Making. Online Publication Date: Oct 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935383.013.49. Accessed 22 February 2014.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Friedo Herbig.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Glass, D., Herbig, F. Mapping matters: geoprofiling application in South African serial rape investigation. Crime Law Soc Change 75, 349–371 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-020-09926-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-020-09926-x

Keywords

Navigation