Abstract
Purpose
While intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is widely recognized as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, there is limited research on its internal structure and core features. This study aimed to employ network analysis to examine IU as a system of interconnected beliefs among a large sample of Chinese adolescents.
Methods
A total of 108,540 students participated in this study by providing data through an online platform. IU was measured using the RCIUI-A-C, a customized assessment specifically developed and validated for Chinese adolescents. This assessment focused on individuals’ beliefs regarding the general unacceptability of uncertainty.
Results
The beliefs “can’t stand being in an uncertain situation” and “can’t stand waiting when I don’t know what’s going to happen” were identified as the most central beliefs within the IU network. Additionally, the weighted adjacency matrix revealed that the beliefs “can’t stand being in an uncertain situation” and “can’t stand not knowing certain things in life in advance” exhibited the strongest connection. Moreover, two distinct communities were identified within the IU network: “intolerance of uncertainty and of uncertain situations” and “intolerance of the unexpected and difficulty waiting in an uncertain situation”. Notably, one of the most central beliefs served as the strongest bridge between these two communities.
Conclusions
These findings offer novel insights into the internal characteristics of IU and contribute to a better understanding of its nature and malleability. The identification of the two most central beliefs and the bridging beliefs suggests that they may serve as effective targets for IU-based interventions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (FF) on reasonable request.
References
Bansal, P. S., Goh, P. K., Lee, C. A., & Martel, M. M. (2020). Conceptualizing callous-unemotional traits in Preschool through Confirmatory factor and network analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(4), 539–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00611-9.
Barahmand, U. (2008). Age and gender differences in adolescent worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8), 778–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.006.
Bernstein, E. E., Heeren, A., & McNally, R. J. (2019). Reexamining trait rumination as a system of repetitive negative thoughts: A network analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 63, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.005.
Birrell, J., Meares, K., Wilkinson, A., & Freeston, M. (2011). Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1198–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009.
Bornholdt, S., & Reichardt, J. (2006). Statistical mechanics of community detection. Physical Review E, 74(1), 16110. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.74.016110.
Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608.
Bottesi, G., Noventa, S., Freeston, M. H., & Ghisi, M. (2019). Seeking certainty about intolerance of uncertainty: Addressing old and new issues through the intolerance of uncertainty scale-revised. Plos One, 14(2), e211929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211929.
Bottesi, G., Marchetti, I., Sica, C., & Ghisi, M. (2020). What is the internal structure of intolerance of uncertainty? A network analysis approach. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, 102293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102293.
Briganti, G., & Linkowski, P. (2020). Network Approach to items and domains from the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Psychological Reports, 123(5), 2038–2052. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119889586.
Briganti, G., Kempenaers, C., Braun, S., Fried, E. I., & Linkowski, P. (2018). Network analysis of empathy items from the interpersonal reactivity index in 1973 young adults. Psychiatry Research, 265, 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.082.
Carleton, R. N. (2016a). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007.
Carleton, R. N. (2016b). Fear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.011.
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. A., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014.
Carleton, R. N., Gosselin, P., & Asmundson, G. J. (2010). The intolerance of uncertainty index: Replication and extension with an English sample. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 396–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019230.
Cheung, T., Jin, Y., Lam, S., Su, Z., Hall, B. J., & Xiang, Y. T. (2021). Network analysis of depressive symptoms in Hong Kong residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 460. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01543-z.
Costantini, G., & Perugini, M. (2018). A Framework for Testing Causality in Personality Research. European Journal of Personality, 32(3), 254–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2150.
Costantini, G., Richetin, J., Borsboom, D., Fried, E. I., Rhemtulla, M., & Perugini, M. (2015). Development of indirect measures of conscientiousness: Combining a facets approach and network analysis. European Journal of Personality, 29, 548–567. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2014.
Csardi, G., & Nepusz, T. (2005). The Igraph Software Package for Complex Network Research. InterJournal, Complex Systems, 1695.
Csárdi, G., & Nepusz, T. (2010). igraph Reference manual. URL: https://igraph.sourceforge.net/documentation.html (accessed April, 20)
Dablander, F., & Hinne, M. (2019). Node centrality measures are a poor substitute for causal inference. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 6846. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43033-9.
Dalege, J., Borsboom, D., van Harreveld, F., van den Berg, H., Conner, M., & van der Maas, H. L. (2016). Toward a formalized account of attitudes: The causal attitude network (CAN) model. Psychological Review, 123(1), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039802.
Dalege, J., Borsboom, D., van Harreveld, F., & van der Maas, H. (2017). Network Analysis on Attitudes: A brief Tutorial. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(5), 528–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617709827.
Del-Valle, M. V., López-Morales, H., Andrés, M. L., Yerro-Avincetto, M., Gelpi, T. R., Urquijo, S., & Canet-Juric, L. (2022). Intolerance of COVID-19-related uncertainty and depressive and anxiety symptoms during the pandemic: A longitudinal study in Argentina. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 86, 102531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102531.
Einstein, D. A. (2014). Extension of the Transdiagnostic Model to focus on intolerance of uncertainty: A review of the literature and implications for treatment. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 21(3), 280–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12077.
Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. I. (2018). A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychological Methods, 23(4), 617–634. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000167.
Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i04.
Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1.
Faleer, H. E., Fergus, T. A., Bailey, B. E., & Wu, K. D. (2017). Examination of an experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty on obsessive-compulsive outcomes. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 15, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.07.002.
Fergus, T. A. (2013). A comparison of three self-report measures of intolerance of uncertainty: An examination of structure and incremental explanatory power in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1322–1331. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034103.
Fortunato, S. (2010). Community detection in graphs. Physics Reports, 486(3), 75–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002.
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5.
Freeston, M., Tiplady, A., Mawn, L., Bottesi, G., & Thwaites, S. (2020). Towards a model of uncertainty distress in the context of coronavirus (COVID-19). Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13, e31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X2000029X.
Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Cramer, A. O., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2017). Mental disorders as networks of problems: A review of recent insights. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1319-z.
Fried, E. I., Eidhof, M. B., Palic, S., Costantini, G., Huisman-van, D. H., Bockting, C., Engelhard, I., Armour, C., Nielsen, A., & Karstoft, K. I. (2018). Replicability and generalizability of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) networks: A cross-cultural Multisite study of PTSD symptoms in four trauma patient samples. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617745092.
Fruchterman, T. M. J., & Reingold, E. M. (1991). Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Software: Practice and Experience, 21(11), 1129–1164. https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380211102.
Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 923–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001.
Geok, E., Lee, K. Y. C., & Sündermann, O. (2022). An experimental investigation of intolerance of uncertainty and its impact on sub-clinical psychopathology. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 75, 101718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101718.
Gillett, C. B., Bilek, E. L., Hanna, G. L., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: A transdiagnostic construct with implications for phenomenology and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 60, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.007.
Gosselin, P., Ladouceur, R., Evers, A., Laverdière, A., Routhier, S., & Tremblay-Picard, M. (2008). Evaluation of intolerance of uncertainty: Development and validation of a new self-report measure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8), 1427–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.005.
Hale, W., Richmond, M., Bennett, J., Berzins, T., Fields, A., Weber, D., Beck, M., & Osman, A. (2016). Resolving uncertainty about the intolerance of uncertainty Scale-12: Application of modern psychometric strategies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1070355.
Haslbeck, J. M. B., & Fried, E. I. (2017). How predictable are symptoms in psychopathological networks? A reanalysis of 18 published datasets. Psychological Medicine, 47(16), 2767–2776.
Haslbeck, J., & Waldorp, L. J. (2018). How well do network models predict observations? On the importance of predictability in network models. Behavior Research Methods, 50(2), 853–861. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0910-x.
Haslbeck, J. M. B., & Waldorp, L. J. (2020). Mgm: Estimating time-varying mixed graphical models in high-dimensional data. Journal of Statistical Software, 93(8), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v093.i08.
Hebert, E. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2019). Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: Challenging the unknown in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(2), 421–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.07.007.
Helsen, K., Van den Bussche, E., Vlaeyen, J. W., & Goubert, L. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis of the dutch intolerance of uncertainty scale: Comparison of the full and short version. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.004.
Huntley, C. D., Young, B., Tudur Smith, C., & Fisher, P. L. (2020). Uncertainty and test anxiety: Psychometric properties of the intolerance of uncertainty scale – 12 (IUS-12) among university students. International Journal of Educational Research, 104, 101672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101672.
Jones, P. J. (2017). Networktools: Assorted tools for identifying important nodes in networks. R Package version 1.1. 2.
Jones, P. J., Mair, P., Riemann, B. C., Mugno, B. L., & McNally, R. J. (2018). A network perspective on comorbid depression in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 53, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.09.008.
Lauriola, M., Mosca, O., Trentini, C., Foschi, R., Tambelli, R., & Carleton, R. N. (2018). The intolerance of uncertainty inventory: Validity and comparison of Scoring Methods to assess individuals screening positive for anxiety and depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 388. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00388.
Lauriola, M., Carleton, R. N., Tempesta, D., Calanna, P., Socci, V., Mosca, O., Salfi, F., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2019). A correlational analysis of the Relationships among Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, subjective sleep quality, and insomnia symptoms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183253.
Li, S., Yang, F., Li, P., Wang, X., Dai, J., & Deng, Y. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the intolerance of uncertainty inventory in Chinese College Students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 2579–2589. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S268313.
Ma, Z., Tao, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Pan, Y., Meng, D., & Fan, F. (2022a). An exploration of self-reported sleep inertia symptoms using Network Analysis. Nature and Science of Sleep, 14, 661–674. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S347419.
Ma, Z., Zhu, Y., Tao, Y., Yang, Z., Huang, S., Liu, W., Chen, Y., Ye, H., & Fan, F. (2022b). Using network analysis to explore the key bridge symptoms between posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth among survivors 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 150, 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.011.
Mahoney, A. E. J., & McEvoy, P. M. (2012). Trait Versus Situation-Specific intolerance of uncertainty in a clinical sample with anxiety and depressive Disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(1), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2011.622131.
Marchetti, I. (2019). Hopelessness: A Network Analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43(3), 611–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9981-y.
McEvoy, P. M., & Erceg-Hurn, D. M. (2016). The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.002.
McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. (2012). To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 533–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.007.
McEvoy, P. M., Hyett, M. P., Shihata, S., Price, J. E., & Strachan, L. (2019). The impact of methodological and measurement factors on transdiagnostic associations with intolerance of uncertainty: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 73, 101778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101778.
Mullarkey, M. C., Marchetti, I., & Beevers, C. G. (2019). Using Network Analysis to identify central symptoms of adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(4), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1437735.
Norton, P. J., & Paulus, D. J. (2016). Toward a Unified Treatment for Emotional Disorders: Update on the Science and Practice. Behavior Therapy, 47(6), 854–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.07.002.
Oksanen, J., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Hara, O., Stevens, B., Oksanen, M. H. H., & Suggests, M. J., M (2007). The vegan package. Community Ecology Package, 10(631–637), 719.
Opsahl, T., Agneessens, F., & Skvoretz, J. (2010). Node centrality in weighted networks: Generalizing degree and shortest paths. Social Networks, 32(3), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2010.03.006.
Osmanağaoğlu, N., Creswell, C., & Dodd, H. F. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and worry in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.035.
Osmanağaoğlu, N., Creswell, C., Snuggs, S., Stuijfzand, S., & Dodd, H. F. (2021). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the intolerance of uncertainty scale for children in a preadolescent sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 77, 102343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102343.
Rifkin, L. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty in youth: Psychometrics of the intolerance of uncertainty Index-A for children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102197.
Robinaugh, D. J., Millner, A. J., & McNally, R. J. (2016). Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(6), 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000181.
Rosser, B. A. (2019). Intolerance of uncertainty as a Transdiagnostic mechanism of psychological difficulties: A systematic review of evidence pertaining to causality and temporal precedence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43(2), 438–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9964-z.
Schmittmann, V. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology, 31(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
Tong, X., An, D., McGonigal, A., Park, S. P., & Zhou, D. (2016). Validation of the generalized anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) among chinese people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Research, 120, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.11.019.
van Bork, R., Rhemtulla, M., Waldorp, L. J., Kruis, J., Rezvanifar, S., & Borsboom, D. (2021). Latent variable models and networks: Statistical equivalence and testability. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56(2), 175–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2019.1672515.
Wang, D., Chen, H., Chen, J., Ye, H., Chen, X., Ye, L., Yao, K., Tu, N., Dai, H., & Fan, F. (2023a). A comparative study of mental health status among left-behind, migrant, and local adolescents in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 324, 521–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.134.
Wang, D., Ma, Z., Fan, Y., Chen, H., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Zeng, H., & Fan, F. (2023b). Associations between family function and non-suicidal self-injury among chinese urban adolescents with and without parental Migration. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-023-01528-7.
Wang, D., Ma, Z., Scherffius, A., Liu, W., Bu, L., Sun, M., & Fan, F. (2023c). Sleep disturbance is predictive of psychotic-like experiences among adolescents: A two-wave longitudinal survey. Sleep Medicine, 101, 296–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.11.011.
Wang, D., Ma, Z., Zhai, S., Sun, M., & Fan, F. (2023d). Sleep disturbance and psychotic-like experiences among urban adolescents with and without parental migration. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1037963.
Watters, C. A., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2016). Illuminating the theoretical components of alexithymia using bifactor modeling and network analysis. Psychological Assessment, 28(6), 627–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000169.
Yang, Z., Algesheimer, R., & Tessone, C. J. (2016). A comparative analysis of community detection algorithms on Artificial Networks. Scientific Reports, 6, 30750. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30750.
Ye, H., Chen, C., Chen, S., Jiang, N., Cai, Z., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Yu, W., You, R., Liao, H., & Fan, F. (2023a). Profiles of intolerance of uncertainty among 108,540 adolescents: Associations with Sociodemographic variables and Mental Health. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-023-01603-z.
Ye, H., Chen, S., Chen, C., Chen, M., Ouyang, H., Ding, J., Li, J., Liu, F., Zheng, B., You, Z., Wang, W., Ling, X., & Fan, F. (2023b). Development and validation of the revised chinese version of intolerance of uncertainty Index-A for children: A large-scale study among chinese adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10387-4.
Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Bernstein, A., & Leyro, T. (2010). Distress tolerance: Theory, measurement, and relations to psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 406–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410388642.
Acknowledgements
The authors want to express their sincere gratitude to all participants for participating in the study.
Funding
The present study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31871129, 32271135).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors participated in the data collecting and provided advice on interpretation of the data. Author Haoxian Ye undertook the statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors Jiaming Ding, Yixin Liu, Zifan Cai, Nan Jiang, and Tengfei Cheng finished the table and figure. Authors Sisi He, Ruiyan You, Wanqing Yu, Wenxu Liu and Luowei Bu modified the manuscript. Author Fang Fan designed the study and wrote the protocol. All authors contributed to and have approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of South China Normal University (SCNU-PSY-2021-094). The survey was under the principle of voluntary participation.
Informed Consent
The participants and their guardians carefully read, signed and returned the informed consent form to the researcher.
Animal Rights
No animal studies were carried out by the authors for this article.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ye, H., Ding, J., Liu, Y. et al. Examining Intolerance of Uncertainty as a System of Interacting Beliefs: A Network Analysis Among 108,540 Adolescents. Cogn Ther Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10436-y
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10436-y