Abstract
Introduction
Although effortful control—the ability to restrain impulsive reactions in favor of more adaptive responses—has been identified as a protective factor for childhood anxiety, the protective effects of effortful control in terms of anxious children’s social/adaptive functioning remains unexplored. The present study examined the moderating role of effortful control in the association between anxiety symptom severity and social/adaptive functioning in a sample of clinically anxious youth.
Method
One hundred and five clinically anxious youth (M = 10.07 years, SD = 1.22; 57% female; 61% ethnic minority) and their clinically anxious mothers (M = 39.35 years, SD = 7.05) completed questionnaires assessing effortful control, anxiety symptoms, and social/adaptive functioning as part of a baseline assessment.
Results
Greater effortful control was statistically significantly associated with better individual social/adaptive functioning scores and lower anxiety scores. Moderation analyses revealed that greater anxiety symptom severity was associated with poorer peer relationships among youth with lower (vs. higher) effortful control.
Discussion
Greater effortful control was associated with better social/adaptive functioning and lower anxiety among anxious youth. The negative effects of anxiety on the peer relationships of clinically anxious youth were also buffered by better effortful control. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Data Availability
The data supporting this study's findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Notes
A post-hoc sensitivity analysis was conducted to calculate the smallest effect size that could be detected with high probability (power = .80) given our sample size. These results yielded an f2 = 0.076, which is slightly larger than our observed effect size for the interaction between EATQ-Effortful Control x RCADS-Anxiety of f2 = 0.070 (i.e., observed β / 1 – observed β). We thank an anonymous reviewer for this suggestion.
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This research was funded by Grant R21-MH101309 (PI: Viana) from the National Institute of Mental Health (Grant No. NCT02095340). The views of this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Institute of Mental Health or National Institutes of Health.
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Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to the University of Houston under Award Number U54MD015946. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Andres Viana receives funding from the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and honoraria from Springer and Elsevier for editorial work. Dr. Eric Storch reports receiving research funding to his institution from the Ream Foundation, International OCD Foundation, and NIH. He is a consultant for Brainsway and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals. He owns stock less than $5000 in NView. He receives book royalties from Elsevier, Wiley, Oxford, American Psychological Association, Guildford, Springer, and Jessica Kingsley.
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Silva, K., Viana, A.G., Trent, E.S. et al. Social and Adaptive Functioning Deficits in Children with Anxiety Disorders: The Buffering Effects of Effortful Control. Cogn Ther Res 47, 681–694 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10380-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10380-x