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What Cognitions Best Predict Disturbed Anger in Adults? A Revision of the Anger Cognitions Scale

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Abstract

Background

This study aims to provide insight into the specific cognitive constructs that are most strongly correlated with disturbed anger and could guide the development of more effective cognitive-behavioral treatments. The Anger Cognitions Scale-Revised (ACS-R) presents participants with nine scenarios of anger-provoking events and asks them to indicate the degree to which the situations would trigger the experience of seven different cognitive processes: hostile attributions, negative consequences of anger, inflammatory labeling, demandingness, frustration intolerance, awfulizing, and overgeneralization. The current study tested the factor structure and the construct validity of the ACS-R in a diverse sample to examine which cognitive constructs best predict dysfunctional anger and, consequently should be targeted when treating angry clients.

Method

1024 participants with an average age of 20.4 years (SD = 6.15) completed the ACS-R and measures of dysfunctional anger and anger outcomes via online administration.

Results

Confirmatory factor analyses found that ACS-R scores best fit a bifactor model, with 7-factors representing the seven cognitive constructs with a separate set of 9-factors in which items loaded on their respective scenarios. Multiple regression analyses revealed that negative consequences of anger, hostile attributions, and inflammatory labeling contributed more significant variance in models predicting dysfunctional anger.

Discussion

Although additional research should replicate these results, our findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral treatment for dysfunctional anger might improve their outcomes if they targeted negative cognitions most strongly associated with dysfunctional anger. In addition, the inclusion of situational factors in our best-fitting CFA models suggests that assessing the circumstances in which one experiences distressing and unhelpful anger is essential in clinical practice.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA

    Raymond DiGiuseppe, Amanda Fisher, Joanne Raptis, Katharine Romero, Annette Schieffelin & William Chaplin

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Correspondence to Raymond DiGiuseppe.

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Conflict of Interest

Raymond DiGiuseppe, the first author, is also the author of the Anger Disorders Scale—Short Form that was used in this research. This test is published by MHS, and the first author receives royalties for the clinical use of this scale. This author also receives honoraria from speaking engagements on the clinical treatment of people with anger problems. Groups that have paid this author to provide continuing education workshops on anger include the Albert Ellis Institute in New York City; 2) the Association for Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (AREBT) International Conference, 2022, U.K.; 3) SDS Seminars Ltd.; 4): Studi Cognitivi, Milano, Italia. Amanda Fisher, Joanne Raptis, Katharine Romero, Annette Schieffelin, and William Chaplin have no conflict of interest.

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This research that resulted in this article was approved by the Institutional Review Board of St. John’s University, Queens, New York, USA.

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This research was approved by the St. John's Univesity Institutional Review Board. Because the first author served as the Chair of this Board at the time of this research, he recused himself of all and any discussion involving this research. All participants completed an informed consent form before participating in this study.

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DiGiuseppe, R., Fisher, A., Raptis, J. et al. What Cognitions Best Predict Disturbed Anger in Adults? A Revision of the Anger Cognitions Scale. Cogn Ther Res 47, 510–529 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10362-z

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