Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Impact of Emotion Regulation on the Relationship Between Momentary Negative Affect and End-of-Day Worry and Rumination

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Cognitive Therapy and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Negative self-referential processing (NSRP), including worry and rumination, is a hallmark feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Negative affect relates to NSRP, and emotion regulation skills (e.g., reappraisal and acceptance) may attenuate this relationship. This ecological momentary assessment study explored whether increased emotion regulation skills use would alter associations between daily fluctuations of negative affect and end-of-day NSRP.

Methods

Participants were 99 young adults (Mage = 19.94; SD = 1.81), diagnosed with GAD (n = 48) and healthy controls (n = 51). They provided twice daily ratings of negative affect, reappraisal, and acceptance over 14 days, and end-of-day ratings of NSRP. Mixed linear models adjusted for covariates, including state-level worry and rumination.

Results

Individuals with GAD reported higher levels of negative than controls, and high negative affect corresponded to greater end-of-day NSRP across all participants. Increased emotion regulation skills altered the relationship between increased negative affect and higher NSRP, though this did not differ by group. Acceptance and reappraisal differentially affected associations between negative affect and NSRP.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that emotion regulation skills moderate the relationship between negative affect and end-of-day NSRP, highlighting the utility of using reappraisal and acceptance in daily life. This could eventually lead to improvements in treating GAD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Positive affect (PA), though it was not related to major hypotheses, was also examined using the same data analysis procedure. Results have been included as Supplemental Data.

  2. Although not related to study hypotheses about momentary ER skill use moderating the relationship between momentary NA and end-of-day NSRP, questions about the reverse relationship between end-of-day NSRP and momentary NA and ER skills were also examined. Bidirectional analyses indicated significant associations between increased end-of-day worry (b = 0.25, SE = 0.04, p < 0.001) and rumination (b = 0.69, SE = 0.06, p < 0.001) and higher momentary NA. Results from models testing the relationships between end-of-day NSRP and momentary ER skills were non-significant (ps > 0.05), except for increased end-of-day worry significantly corresponding to higher momentary reappraisal (b = 0.01, SE = 0.01, p < 0.01).

References

  • Aldao, A., & Mennin, D. S. (2012). Paradoxical cardiovascular effects of implementing adaptive emotion regulation strategies in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 50(2), 122–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argyriou, E., & Lee, T. T. C. (2020). The role of distress and fear transdiagnostic dimensions in emotion regulation choice. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armey, M. F., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Spasojevic, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2009). Brooding and pondering: Isolating the active ingredients of depressive rumination with exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Assessment, 16(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191109340388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badre, D., & D’Esposito, M. (2007). Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(12), 2082–2099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahlinger, K., Lincoln, T. M., & Clamor, A. (2022). Are acute increases and variability in emotion regulation strategies related to negative affect and paranoid thoughts in daily life? Cognitve Therapy Research, 46, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10253-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, T. M., Ramsawh, H. J., Campbell-Sills, L., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2013). Prefrontal dysfunction during emotion regulation in generalized anxiety and panic disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(7), 1475–1486. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712002383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanke, E. S., Riediger, M., & Brose, A. (2018). Pathways to happiness are multidirectional: Associations between state mindfulness and everyday affective experience. Emotion, 18(2), 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanke, E. S., Schmidt, M. J., Riediger, M., & Brose, A. (2020). Thinking mindfully: How mindfulness relates to rumination and reflection in daily life. Emotion, 20(8), 1369–1381. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boemo, T., Nieto, I., Vazquez, C., & Sanchez-Lopez, A. (2022). Relations between emotion regulation strategies and affect in daily life: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessments. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 139, 104747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan, R., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2006). Acute stress reduces reward responsiveness: Implications for depression. Biological Psychiatry, 60(10), 1147–1154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bomyea, J., Ball, T. M., Simmons, A. N., Campbell-Sills, L., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2020). Change in neural response during emotion regulation is associated with symptom reduction in cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brauer, M., & Curtin, J. J. (2018). Linear mixed-effects models and the analysis of nonindependent data: A unified framework to analyze categorical and continuous independent variables that vary within-subjects and/or within-items. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 389–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Gray, J. R., Tang, Y.-Y., Weber, J., & Kober, H. (2011). Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(50), 20254. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112029108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brose, A., Schmiedek, F., Koval, P., & Kuppens, P. (2014). Emotional inertia contributes to depressive symptoms beyond perseverative thinking. Cognition and Emotion, 29(3), 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.916252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2006). Distress and fear disorders: An alternative empirically based taxonomy of the “mood” and “anxiety” disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry: THe Journal of Mental Science, 189, 481–483. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.03825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cludius, B., Mennin, D., & Ehring, T. (2020). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic process. Emotion, 20(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo, D., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Patané, A., Semonella, M., Kwiatkowska, M., García-Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2019). Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(4), 465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo, D., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Suso-Ribera, C., Cipresso, P., Valev, H., Leufkens, T., Sas, C., Garcia-Palacios, A., Riva, G., & Botella, C. (2020). The need for change: Understanding emotion regulation antecedents and consequences using ecological momentary assessment. Emotion, 20(1), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch, T. A., Lewis, J. A., Erickson, T. M., & Newman, M. G. (2017). Prospective investigation of the contrast avoidance model of generalized anxiety and worry. Behavior Therapy, 48(4), 544–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, M. L., Turk, C. L., Hess, B., & Murray, C. E. (2008). Emotion regulation among individuals classified with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denny, B. T. (2020). Getting better over time: A framework for examining the impact of emotion regulation training. Emotion, 20(1), 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Aldao, A., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2015a). Emotion regulation in context: Examining the spontaneous use of strategies across emotional intensity and type of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Bernecker, S. L., & Christensen, K. (2015b). Recent innovations in the field of interpersonal emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draheim, A. A., & Anderson, P. L. (2021). Does cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders improve threat reappraisal?: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbct.2020.12.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Hoeft, F., Menon, V., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Failure of anterior cingulate activation and connectivity with the amygdala during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(5), 545–554. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09070931

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etkin, A., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2011). Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety versus major depressive disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(9), 969–978. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, K. C., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic perspective on a bew RDoC domain. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 426–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9772-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferster, C. B. (1973). A functional analysis of depression. American Psychologist, 28(10), 857–870.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fresco, D. M., Frankel, A. N., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014517718949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2019). All together now: Utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 65–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations.

  • Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, J., Hagerty, S., Mennin, D., & Gross, J. (under review). Mind the gap? Emotion regulation ability and achievement in psychological health disorders.

  • Hall, M., Scherner, P. V., Kreidel, Y., & Rubel, J. A. (2021). A systematic review of momentary assessment designs for mood and anxiety symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 642044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannan, S. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2020). Emotion regulation in undergraduate students with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A multimethod study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(6), 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, A. C., Sheppes, G., Gross, J. J., & Gruber, J. (2015). Choosing how to feel: Emotion regulation choice in bipolar disorder. Emotion, 15(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Bissett, R. T., Korn, Z., Zettle, R. D., Rosenfarb, I. S., Cooper, L. D., & Grundt, A. M. (1999). The impact of acceptance versus control rationales on pain tolerance. The Psychological Record, 49(1), 33–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hjartarson, K. H., Snorrason, I., Bringmann, L. F., Ögmundsson, B. E., & Ólafsson, R. P. (2021). Do daily mood fluctuations activate ruminative thoughts as a mental habit? Results from an ecological momentary assessment study. Behaviour Research and Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Interpersonal emotion regulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(5), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9620-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huffziger, S., Ebner-Priemer, U., Zamoscik, V., Reinhard, I., Kirsch, P., & Kuehner, C. (2013). Effects of mood and rumination on cortisol levels in daily life: An ambulatory assessment study in remitted depressed patients and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrincology, 38(10), 2258–2267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: Effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3301_2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, N. P., Siegle, G. J., & Thase, M. E. (2008). Effects of rumination and initial severity on remission to cognitive therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(4), 591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kircanski, K., Thompson, R. J., Sorenson, J., Sherdell, L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). The everyday dynamics of rumination and worry: Precipitant events and affective consequences. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1424–1436. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1278679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohl, A., Rief, W., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2012). How effective are acceptance strategies? A meta-analytic review of experimental results. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(4), 988–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.03.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koval, P., Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2012). Getting stuck in depression: The roles of rumination and emotional inertia. Cognition & Emotion, 26(8), 1412–1427. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.667392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lennarz, H. K., Hollenstein, T., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Kuntsche, E., & Granic, I. (2019). Emotion regulation in action: Use, selection, and success of emotion regulation in adolescents’ daily lives. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025418755540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, E. J., Yoon, K. L., & Joormann, J. (2017). Emotion regulation and biological stress responding: Associations with worry, rumination, and reappraisal. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1310088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lissek, S. (2012). Toward an account of clinical anxiety predicated on basic, neurally mapped mechanisms of pavlovian fear-learning: The case for condition overgeneralization. Depression and Anxiety, 29(4), 257–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mankus, A. M., Aldao, A., Kerns, C., Mayville, E. W., & Mennin, D. S. (2013). Mindfulness and heart rate variability in individuals with high and low generalized anxiety symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(7), 386–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007). The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity. Behavior Therapy, 38(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, T. P., & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2020). Ecological validity of trait emotion regulation strategy measures. Psychological Assessment, 32(8), 796–802. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McRae, K., & Gross, J. J. (2020). Emotion regulation. Emotion, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013). What, me worry and ruminate about DSM-5 and RDoC? The importance of targeting negative self-referential processing. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 20(3), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., O’Toole, M. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder with and without co-occurring depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., Ritter, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). An open trial of emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and cooccurring depression. Depression and Anxiety, 32(8), 614–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38, 284–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moberly, N. J., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Ruminative self-focus and negative affect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 314–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moodie, C. A., Suri, G., Goerlitz, D. S., Mateen, M. A., Sheppes, G., McRae, K., Lakhan-Pal, S., Thiruchselvam, R., & Gross, J. J. (2020). The neural bases of cognitive emotion regulation: The roles of strategy and intensity. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20(2), 387–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00775-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moskowitz, D. S., & Young, S. N. (2006). Ecological momentary assessment: What it is and why it is a method of the future in clinical psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 31(1), 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Zainal, N. H., Shin, K. E., Szkodny, L. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2019). The effects of worry in daily life: An ecological momentary assessment study supporting the tenets of the contrast avoidance model. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(4), 794–810. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619827019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2013). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: A review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2002). Preliminary reliability and validity of the generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire-IV: A revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 33(2), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80026-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitschke, J. B., Sarinopoulos, I., Oathes, D. J., Johnstone, T., Whalen, P. J., Davidson, R. J., & Kalin, N. H. (2009). Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(3), 302–310. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07101682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olatunji, B. O., Naragon-Gainey, K., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2013). Specificity of rumination in anxiety and depression: A multimodal meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 20(3), 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Toole, M. S., Renna, M. E., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2019). Changes in decentering and reappraisal temporally precede symptom reduction during emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder with and without co-occurring depression. Behavior Therapy, 50(6), 1042–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.12.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavani, J.-B., Vigouroux, S. L., Kop, J.-L., Congard, A., & Dauvier, B. (2016). Affect and affect regulation strategies reciprocally influence each other in daily life: The case of positive reappraisal, problem-focused coping, appreciation and rumination. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(5), 2077–2095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9686-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawluk, E. J., Koerner, N., Kuo, J. R., & Antony, M. M. (2021). An experience sampling investigation of emotion and worry in people with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 84, 102478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picó-Pérez, M., Radua, J., Steward, T., Menchón, J. M., & Soriano-Mas, C. (2017). Emotion regulation in mood and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of fMRI cognitive reappraisal studies. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 79(Pt B), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plate, A. J., Aldao, A., Quintero, J. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2016). Interactions between reappraisal and emotional nonacceptance in psychopathology: Examining disability and depression symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(6), 733–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9793-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, M., Legrand, A. C., Brier, Z. M. F., & Hébert-Dufresne, L. (2018). The symptoms at the center: Examining the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression with network analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 109, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renna, M. E., Quintero, J. M., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2017). Emotion regulation therapy: A mechanism-targeted treatment for disorders of distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 98. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renna, M. E., Quintero, J. M., Soffer, A., Pino, M., Ader, L., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2018). A pilot study of emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety and depression: Findings from a diverse sample of young adults. Behavior Therapy, 49, 403–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2009). Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behavior Therapy, 40(2), 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz, T., Takano, K., Watkins, E. R., & Ehring, T. (2020). Assessing repetitive negative thinking in daily life: Development of an ecological momentary assessment paradigm. PLoS ONE, 15(4), e0231783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samtani, S., Moulds, M. L., Johnson, S. L., Ehring, T., Hyett, M. P., Anderson, R., & McEvoy, P. M. (2022). Higher order repetitive negative thinking is more robustly related to depression, anxiety, and mania than measures of rumination or worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 46(1), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10235-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, C., Sheppes, G., Lackner, H. K., Arens, E. A., Tarrasch, R., & Barnow, S. (2016). Emotion regulation choice in female patients with borderline personality disorder: Findings from self-reports and experimental measures. Psychiatry Research, 242, 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppes, G., & Levin, Z. (2013). Emotion regulation choice: Selecting between cognitive regulation strategies to control emotion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion-regulation choice. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1391–1396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., Radu, P., Blechert, J., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation choice: A conceptual framework and supporting evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological momentary assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, M., Robert, L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, non-patient edition (SCID-I/NP). Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen, J. L., Kvernenes, K. V., Wiker, A. S., & Dundas, I. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness: Rumination and self-compassion. Nordic Psychology, 69(2), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2016.1171730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2020). Ambulatory assessment in psychopathology research: A review of recommended reporting guidelines and current practices. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 129(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsumura, H., Sensaki, J., & Shimada, H. (2015). Stress-induced cortisol is associated with generation of non-negative interpretations during cognitive reappraisal. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 9(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-015-0049-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unick, G. J., Snowden, L., & Hastings, J. (2009). Heterogeneity in comorbidity between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder and its clinical consequences. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(4), 215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., & Thayer, J. F. (2007). Capturing worry in daily life: Are trait questionnaires sufficient? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(8), 1835–1844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walz, L. C., Nauta, M. H., & Rot, M. A. H. (2014). Experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment for studying the daily lives of patients with anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(8), 925–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, E. R. (2009). Depressive rumination and co-morbidity: Evidence for brooding as a transdiagnostic process. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, 27, 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-009-0098-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, E. R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2014). A habit-goal framework of depressive rumination. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., & Ford, J. M. (2012). Default mode network activity and connectivity in psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 49–76. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmer, A. J., Frank, M. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Sensitivity to reward and punishment in major depressive disorder: Effects of rumination and of single versus multiple experiences. Cognition and Emotion, 26(8), 1475–1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.682973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wichelns, G. A., Renna, M. E., & Mennin, D. S. (2016). Preliminary validation of subjective anchor scales for worry and rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(5), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9779-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wrzus, C., & Neubauer, A. B. (2022). Ecological momentary assessment: A meta-analysis on designs, samples, and compliance across research fields. Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911211067538

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120th St., New York, NY, 10027, USA

    Michal Clayton & Douglas S. Mennin

  2. School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA

    Megan E. Renna

  3. Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    David H. Klemanski

  4. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Caroline Kerns

  5. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Katie A. McLaughlin

Authors
  1. Michal Clayton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Megan E. Renna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David H. Klemanski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Caroline Kerns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Katie A. McLaughlin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Douglas S. Mennin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michal Clayton.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Michal Clayton, Megan E. Renna, David H. Klemanski, Caroline Kerns, Katie A. McLaughlin and Douglas S. Mennin have no known conflicts of interest to disclose.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Animal Rights

No animal studies were carried out by the authors for this article.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 43 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Clayton, M., Renna, M.E., Klemanski, D.H. et al. The Impact of Emotion Regulation on the Relationship Between Momentary Negative Affect and End-of-Day Worry and Rumination. Cogn Ther Res 47, 94–108 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10339-4

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10339-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation