Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate direct and indirect effects of neuropsychological systems including behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) on psychopathology (e.g., depression and current suicidal ideation) through adaptive/non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs). In a cross-sectional design, three hundred suicide attempters completed the Carver and White BIS/BAS scales, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short version (CERQ-Short), the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The results of mediation analyses from cross-sectional data revealed that BAS and BIS had direct effects on current suicidal ideation, but not on depression. Also, low BAS and high BIS were indirectly associated with depression through low use of adaptive, and high use of non-adaptive, CERSs, respectively. BIS had an indirect effect on current suicidal ideation via non-adaptive CERSs. The findings suggest that high BIS along with high use of non-adaptive CERSs as well as low BAS along with low use of adaptive CERSs may be associated with depression. Also, high BIS along with high non-adaptive CERSs may be related to suicidal ideation. Therefore, paying attention to CERSs may be important in understanding the psychopathology of depression and suicidal ideation in suicide attempters with high BIS and low BAS.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
17 October 2019
The original version of this article contains an error in the abstract section. The 3rd line of the abstract section “In a cross-sectional design, 399 suicide attempters completed the Carver and White BIS/BAS scales, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short version (CERQShort), the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)” should read as “In a cross-sectional design, three hundred suicide attempters completed the Carver and White BIS/BAS scales, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short version (CERQShort), the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)”. The original article has been updated.
References
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review,30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004.
Baechler, J. (1980). A strategic theory. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,10(2), 70–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.1980.tb00768.x.
Balconi, M., & Mazza, G. (2009). Brain oscillations and BIS/BAS (behavioral inhibition/activation system) effects on processing masked emotional cues: ERS/ERD and coherence measures of alpha band. International Journal of Psychophysiology,74(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.08.006.
Bálint, L., Osváth, P., Rihmer, Z., & Döme, P. (2016). Associations between marital and educational status and risk of completed suicide in Hungary. Journal of Affective Disorders,190, 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.011.
Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,47(2), 343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.47.2.343.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Bijttebier, P., Beck, I., Claes, L., & Vandereycken, W. (2009). Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory as a framework for research on personality–psychopathology associations. Clinical Psychology Review,29(5), 421–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.002.
Bulloch, A. G., Williams, J. V., Lavorato, D. H., & Patten, S. B. (2017). The depression and marital status relationship is modified by both age and gender. Journal of Affective Disorders,223, 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.007.
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,67, 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy,44(3), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005.
Conklin, L. R., Cassiello-Robbins, C., Brake, C. A., Sauer-Zavala, S., Farchione, T. J., Ciraulo, D. A., et al. (2015). Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy,73, 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.001.
Corcos, M., Taieb, O., Benoit-Lamy, S., Paterniti, S., Jeammet, P., & Flament, M. F. (2002). Suicide attempts in women with bulimia nervosa: Frequency and characteristics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,106(5), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02318.x.
Corr, P. J., & McNaughton, N. (2008). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. In P. J. Corr (Ed.), The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality (pp. 155–187). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Diedrich, A., Burger, J., Kirchner, M., & Berking, M. (2017). Adaptive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between self-compassion and depression in individuals with unipolar depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice,90(3), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12107.
Du Roscoät, E., Legleye, S., Guignard, R., Husky, M., & Beck, F. (2016). Risk factors for suicide attempts and hospitalizations in a sample of 39,542 French adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders,190, 517–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.049.
Ehring, T., Fischer, S., Schnülle, J., Bösterling, A., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2008). Characteristics of emotion regulation in recovered depressed versus never depressed individuals. Personality and Individual Differences,44(7), 1574–1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.013.
Esfahani, M., Hashemi, Y., & Alavi, K. (2015). Psychometric assessment of Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSSI) in general population in Tehran. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran,29, 268.
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, Research Version, Patient edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research Department, Psychiatric Institute.
Forkmann, T., Scherer, A., Böcker, M., Pawelzik, M., Gauggel, S., & Glaesmer, H. (2014a). The relation of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression to suicidal ideation and suicidal desire. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,44(5), 524–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12076.
Forkmann, T., Scherer, A., Pawelzik, M., Mainz, V., Drueke, B., Boecker, M., et al. (2014b). Does cognitive behavior therapy alter emotion regulation in inpatients with a depressive disorder? Psychology Research and Behavior Management,7, 147–153. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s59421.
Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(6), 1135–1149. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.6.1135.
Gallego, J. A., Rachamallu, V., Yuen, E. Y., Fink, S., Duque, L. M., & Kane, J. M. (2015). Predictors of suicide attempts in 3.322 patients with affective disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.024
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006a). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences,40(8), 1659–1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire—Development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences,41(6), 1045–1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences,30(8), 1311–1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00113-6.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. H. (2002). Manual for the use of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Leiderdorp: DATEC.
Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depression and Anxiety,21(4), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20070.
Ghorbani, F., Khosravani, V., Bastan, F. S., & Ardakani, R. J. (2017). The alexithymia, emotion regulation, emotion regulation difficulties, positive and negative affects, and suicidal risk in alcohol-dependent outpatients. Psychiatry Research,252, 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.005.
Gray, J. A. (1987). Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: A commentary. Journal of Research in Personality,21, 493–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(87)90036-5.
Gray, J. A. (1991). Neural systems, emotion and psychopathology. In J. Madden (Ed.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion and effect (pp. 276–306). New York: Oxford University Press.
Hamill, T. S., Pickett, S. M., Amsbaugh, H. M., & Aho, K. M. (2015). Mindfulness and acceptance in relation to behavioral inhibition system sensitivity and psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences,72, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.007.
Hasani, J. (2011). The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences,9(4), 229–240.
Hasani, J., & Miraghaie, A. M. (2012). The relationship between strategies for cognitive regulation of emotions and suicidal ideation. Contemporary Psychology, 7(1), 61–72 (text in Persian)
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Heponiemi, T. (2004). Physiological and emotional stress reactions: The effects of temperament and exhaustion. Thesis, University of Helsinki.
Heponiemi, T., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., Puttonen, S., & Ravaja, N. (2003). BIS/BAS sensitivity and self-rated affects during experimentally induced stress. Personality and Individual Differences,34(6), 943–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00079-X.
Hopfinger, L., Berking, M., Bockting, C. L., & Ebert, D. D. (2016). Emotion regulation mediates the effect of childhood trauma on depression. Journal of Affective Disorders,198, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.050.
Horwitz, A. G., Czyz, E. K., & King, C. A. (2015). Predicting future suicide attempts among adolescent and emerging adult psychiatric emergency patients. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,44(5), 751–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.910789.
Huh, H. J., Kim, K. H., Lee, H. K., & Chae, J. H. (2017). The relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of adulthood depression and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Journal of Affective Disorders,213, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.009.
Hundt, N. E., Brown, L. H., Kimbrel, N. A., Walsh, M. A., Nelson-Gray, R., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013). Reinforcement sensitivity theory predicts positive and negative affect in daily life. Personality Individual Differences,54(3), 350–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.021.
Hundt, N. E., Nelson-Gray, R. O., Kimbrel, N. A., Mitchell, J. T., & Kwapil, T. R. (2007). The interaction of reinforcement sensitivity and life events in the prediction of anhedonic depression and mixed anxiety-depression symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences,43(5), 1001–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.021.
Hundt, N. E., Williams, A. M., Mendelson, J., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2013). Coping mediates relationships between reinforcement sensitivity and symptoms of psychopathology. Personality Individual Differences,54(6), 726–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.028.
Izadpanah, S., Schumacher, M., Bähr, A., Stopsack, M., Grabe, H. J., & Barnow, S. (2016). A 5-year longitudinal study of the adolescent reinforcement sensitivity as a risk factor for anxiety symptoms in adulthood: Investigating the indirect effect of cognitive emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences,95, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.021.
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality,72(6), 1301–1334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.x.
Kaplow, J. B., Gipson, P. Y., Horwitz, A. G., Burch, B. N., & King, C. A. (2014). Emotional suppression mediates the relation between adverse life events and adolescent suicide: Implications for prevention. Prevention Science,15(2), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0367-9.
Khosravani, V., Bastan, F. S., Ardestani, M. S., & Ardakani, R. J. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas and suicidal risk in an Iranian sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research,255, 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.080.
Khosravani, V., Bastan, F. S., Ghorbani, F., & Kamali, Z. (2017). Difficulties in emotion regulation mediate negative and positive affects and craving in alcoholic patients. Addictive Behaviors,71, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.029.
Khosravani, V., Mehdizadeh, A., Dortaj, A., Alvani, A., & Amirinezhad, A. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas, behavioral inhibition/approach systems, and defense styles in the abusers of opiate, stimulant, and cannabis drugs and healthy subjects. Journal of Substance Use,22(3), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2016.1208776.
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2014). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: A critical frontier for suicidology research. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,44(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12068.
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The three-step theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy,8(2), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114.
Knyazev, G. G., & Slobodskoj-Plusnin, J. Y. (2007). Behavioural approach system as a moderator of emotional arousal elicited by reward and punishment cues. Personality and Individual Differences,42(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.020.
Korhonen, K., Remes, H., & Martikainen, P. (2017). Education as a social pathway from parental socioeconomic position to depression in late adolescence and early adulthood: A Finnish population-based register study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,52(1), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1296-2.
Kyung-Sook, W., SangSoo, S., Sangjin, S., & Young-Jeon, S. (2018). Marital status integration and suicide: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Social Science and Medicine,197, 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.053.
Lei, H., Zhang, X., Cai, L., Wang, Y., Bai, M., & Zhu, X. (2014). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research,218(1), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.025.
Li, Y., Jing, L. S., Mi, S., Zhang, Y., & Li, X. (2009). Relationships between adolescent depression and behavioral inhibition/activation systems. Chinese Mental Health Journal,23(504–506), 520. (in Chinese).
Li, Y., Xu, Y., & Chen, Z. (2015). Effects of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral activation system (BAS), and emotion regulation on depression: A one-year follow-up study in Chinese adolescents. Psychiatry Research,230(2), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.007.
Liverant, G. I., Kamholz, B. W., Sloan, D. M., & Brown, T. A. (2011). Rumination in clinical depression: A type of emotional suppression? Cognitive Therapy and Research,35(3), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-010-9304-4.
Mahdieh, A., Abdollahi, M., & Hasani, J. (2014). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in processing suicidal thoughts in the students of Khurazmi University of Karaj. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 22(4), 225–235. https://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-1289-en.html.
Markarian, S. A., Pickett, S. M., Deveson, D. F., & Kanona, B. B. (2013). A model of BIS/BAS sensitivity, emotion regulation difficulties, and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in relation to sleep quality. Psychiatry Research,210, 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.004.
McFarland, B. R., Shankman, S. A., Tenke, C. E., Bruder, G. E., & Klein, D. N. (2006). Behavioral activation system deficits predict the six-month course of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders,91(2–3), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.012.
Mellick, W., Sharp, C., & Alfano, C. (2014). The role of BIS/BAS in the vulnerability for depression in adolescent girls. Personality and Individual Differences,69, 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.003.
Mohammadi, N. (2008). The psychometric properties of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) scales among Students of Shiraz University. Clinical Psychology, 1(28), 61–68 (Persian text). https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-250&slc_lang=en&sid=1
Morris, R. R., Schueller, S. M., & Picard, R. W. (2015). Efficacy of a Web-based, crowdsourced peer-to-peer cognitive reappraisal platform for depression: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research,17(3), e72. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4167.
O’Connor, R. C., & Forgan, G. (2007). Suicidal thinking and perfectionism: The role of goal adjustment and behavioral inhibition/activation systems (BIS/BAS). Journal of Rational Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy,25(4), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-007-0057-2.
Pacheco, J. P. G., Silveira, J. B., Ferreira, R. P. C., Lo, K., Schneider, J. R., Giacomin, H. T. A., et al. (2019). Gender inequality and depression among medical students: A global meta-regression analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research,111, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.01.013.
Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (2001). Dopamine, appetitive reinforcement, and the neuropsychology of human learning: An individual differences approach (pp. 113–149). Lengerich: PABST Science Publishers.
Pinto-Meza, A., Caseras, X., Soler, J., Puigdemont, D., Pérez, V., & Torrubia, R. (2006). Behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation systems in current and recovered major depression participants. Personality and Individual Differences,40(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.021.
Polanco-Roman, L., Gomez, J., Miranda, R., & Jeglic, E. (2016). Stress-related symptoms and suicidal ideation: The roles of rumination and depressive symptoms vary by gender. Cognitive Therapy and Research,40(5), 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9782-0.
Purdon, C. (2004). Empirical investigations of thought suppression in OCD. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.004
Rasmussen, S. A., Elliott, M. A., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Psychological distress and perfectionism in recent suicide attempters: The role of behavioural inhibition and activation. Personality and Individual Differences,52(6), 680–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.011.
Reese, E. D., Zielinski, M. J., & Veilleux, J. C. (2015). Facets of mindfulness mediate behavioral inhibition systems and emotion dysregulation. Personality and Individual Differences,72, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.008.
Salk, R. H., Petersen, J. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Hyde, J. S. (2016). The contemporary face of gender differences and similarities in depression throughout adolescence: Development and chronicity. Journal of Affective Disorders,205, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.071.
Schaakxs, R., Comijs, H. C., van der Mast, R. C., Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T., & Penninx, B. W. (2017). Risk factors for depression: Differential across age? The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,25(9), 966–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2017.04.004.
Sigurdson, J. F., Undheim, A. M., Wallander, J. L., Lydersen, S., & Sund, A. M. (2018). The longitudinal association of being bullied and gender with suicide ideations, self-harm, and suicide attempts from adolescence to young adulthood: A cohort study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,48(2), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12358.
Simons, K., Van Orden, K., Conner, K. R., & Bagge, C. (2019). Age differences in suicide risk screening and management prior to suicide attempts. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2019.01.017.
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,59(2–3), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320.
Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., Latzman, R. D., Kimbrel, N. A., & Lejuez, C. W. (2010). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and emotion regulation difficulties: A multimodal investigation. Personality and Individual Differences,49(8), 989–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.010.
Voigt, D. C., Dillard, J. P., Braddock, K. H., Anderson, J. W., Sopory, P., & Stephenson, M. T. (2009). Carver and White’s (1994) BIS/BAS scales and their relationship to risky health behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences,47(2), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.003.
Wu, X., Luo, X., Li, H., Zhao, W., Wang, X., & Huang, L. (2016). Mediation effect of cognitive emotion regulation on relationship between life events and suicide ideation among college students. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine Brain Sciences 257–261.
Wytykowska, A., Fajkowska, M., Kantor-Martynuska, J., & Domaradzka, E. (2016). BIS/BAS and the content of affect: A mediating role of cognitive strategies of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Shahdokht Azadi, Vahid Khosravani, Suzanne King, Ali Mohammadzadeh and Ali Baseri declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Informed Consent
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the Ethical Standards of the Institutional and/or National Research Committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Animal Rights
No animal studies were carried out by the authors for this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original version of this article was revised: The study sample has been corrected as “300 attempters” in the abstraction section.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Azadi, S., Khosravani, V., King, S. et al. Effects of Neuropsychological Systems on Psychopathology Through Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Individuals with Suicide Attempts. Cogn Ther Res 44, 229–239 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10040-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10040-z