The Processes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-Analyses

Kazantzis, Nikolaos; Luong, Hoang Kim; Usatoff, Alexsandra S.; Impala, Tara; Yew, Rui Ying; Hofmann, Stefan G.

doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9920-y

Original Article
Published: 15 May 2018

The Processes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-Analyses

Cognitive Therapy and Research volume 42, pages 349–357 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) refers to a treatment approach with strong empirical support for its efficacy for various disorders and populations. The goal of the present review was to provide a comprehensive survey of meta-analyses examining the processes of CBT, namely: treatment processes (cognitive reappraisal, behavioral strategies, emotional regulation, motivation strategies, and psychoeducation) and in-session processes (alliance, goal consensus and collaboration, feedback, group cohesion, and homework). We identified 558 meta-analyses of CBT, and 30 meta-analyses met our inclusion criteria as reviews of process-outcome relations. For treatment processes, the strongest support currently exists for cognitive (n = 8 meta-analyses) and behavioral strategies (n = 3 meta-analyses) as change processes in CBT for anxiety disorders and depression. For in-session processes, the strongest support currently exists for the role of the alliance (n = 8 meta-analyses) and homework assignments (n = 6 meta-analyses) as predictors of outcome. Overall, the evidence base for process-outcome relations in CBT is just emerging. Additional research is needed to examine the range of treatment processes in various clinical contexts. Moreover, except for a meta-analysis on collaboration, no meta-analytic studies have been reported on CBT-specific elements of the therapeutic relationship, such as collaborative empiricism and Socratic dialogue.

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
Nikolaos Kazantzis, Hoang Kim Luong, Alexsandra S. Usatoff, Tara Impala & Rui Ying Yew
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
Stefan G. Hofmann

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Nikolaos Kazantzis
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Hoang Kim Luong
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Alexsandra S. Usatoff
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Tara Impala
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Rui Ying Yew
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Stefan G. Hofmann
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Nikolaos Kazantzis, Hoang Kim Luong, Alexsandra S. Usatoff, Tara Impala, Rui Ying Yew, and Stefan G. Hofmann declare that they have no conflicts of interests to disclose in this submitted work to Cognitive Therapy and Research.

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Kazantzis, N., Luong, H.K., Usatoff, A.S. et al. The Processes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-Analyses. Cogn Ther Res 42, 349–357 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9920-y

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Published: 15 May 2018
Issue Date: August 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9920-y

Keywords

Cognitive behavioral therapy
Process
Review