Skip to main content

Anxiety and Social-Emotional Processing in Eating Disorders: Examination of Family Trios

Cognitive Therapy and Research volume 37, pages 890–904 (2013)Cite this article

Abstract

Anxiety, altered attention for social stimuli and poor recognition of emotions were examined as putative intermediate phenotypes of eating disorders (EDs). Three hundred and forty two participants (65 ED offspring; 52 healthy offspring; 124 parents of ED offspring; 101 parents of healthy offspring) completed self report and behavioural measures of anxiety, attention for social stimuli and emotion recognition. ED offspring and their parents had higher trait anxiety in comparison to healthy controls. Social anxiety co-segregated with the illness in parents. ED offspring did not show Stroop interference for social stimuli. Subtle alterations in response to social stimuli were observed in ED fathers. ED groups did not have difficulties recognising complex emotions. In conclusion, trait and social anxiety fulfil some of the criteria for intermediate phenotypes in EDs. There was less evidence for behavioural measures of anxiety and social processing. This may be a consequence of sample characteristics, low power or task sensitivity.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1

References

  • Adambegan, M., Wagner, G., Nader, I. W., Fernandez-Aranda, F., Treasure, J., & Karwautz, A. (2012). Internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems in childhood contribute to the development of anorexia and bulimia nervosa—A study comparing sister pairs. European Eating Disorders Review, 20(2), 116–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anckarsäter, H., Hofvander, B., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., Gillberg, C., Wentz, E., et al. (2012). The sociocommunicative deficit subgroup in anorexia nervosa: autism spectrum disorders and neurocognition in a community-based, longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 42(09), 1957–1967.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashwin, C., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Attention bias to faces in Asperger syndrome: A pictorial emotion Stroop study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 835–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(2), 241–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchaine, T. P. (2009). The role of biomarkers and endophenotypes in prevention and treatment of psychopathological disorders. Biomakers in Medicine, 3(1), 1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellodi, L., Cavallini, M. C., Bertelli, S., Chiapparino, D., Riboldi, C., & Smeraldi, E. (2001). Morbidity risk for obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders in first-degree relatives of patients with eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 563–569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, N. D., Lohr, K. N., & Bulik, C. M. (2007). Outcomes of eating disorders: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 293–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewerton, T., Lydiard, R. B., Ballenger, J. C., & Herzog, D. B. (1993). Eating disorders and social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(1), 70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, S., Prince, A., Stahl, D., Campbell, I. C., & Treasure, J. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive bias to food stimuli in people with disordered eating behaviour. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(1), 37–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 79–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. M., McAdams, T. A., Lester, K. J., Goodman, R., Clark, D. M., & Eley, T. C. (2012). Attentional threat avoidance and familial risk are independently associated with childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines (Epub ahead of print).

  • Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., Tozzi, F., Furberg, H., Lichtenstien, P., & Pederson, N. L. (2006). Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 305–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardi, V., Matteo, R., Corfield, F., & Treasure, J. (2012). Social reward and rejection sensitivity in eating disorders: An investigation of attentional bias and early experiences. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry (in press).

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connan, F., Campbell, I. C., Katzman, M., Lightman, S. L., & Treasure, J. (2003). A neurodevelopment model for anorexia nervosa. Physiology & Behavior, 79, 13–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dellava, J. E., Thornton, L. M., Hamer, R. M., Strober, M., Plotnicov, K., Klump, K. L., et al. (2010). Childhood anxiety associated with low BMI in women with anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(1), 60–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin, B., Bacanu, S. A., Klump, K. L., Bulik, C. M., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., et al. (2002). Linkage analysis of anorexia nervosa incorporating behavioral covariates. Human Molecular Genetics, 11(6), 689–696.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, K. S., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2004). Attentional biases in eating disorders: A meta-analytic review of Stroop performance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1001–1022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Espina, A. (2003). Alexithymia in parents of daughters with eating disorders: Its relationships with psychopathological and personality variables. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 553–560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fassino, S., Amianto, F., & Abbate-Daga, G. (2009). The dynamic relationship of parental personality traits with the personality and psychopathology traits of anorectic and bulimic daughters. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 232–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C. (2003). DMDX: A Windows display program with millisecond accuracy. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(116–124), 116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, E., Ridgewell, A., & Ashwin, C. (2009). Looking on the bright side: Biased attention and the human serotonin transporter gene. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276, 1747–1751.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, E., Russo, R., & Dutton, K. (2002). Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional face. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 355–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., et al. (2001). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1025–1035.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12, 871–878.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaderi, A., & Scott, B. (2001). Prevalence, incidence and prospective risk factors for eating disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104, 122–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C., & Råstam, M. (1992). Do some cases of anorexia nervosa reflect underlying autistic-conditions? Behavioural Neurology, 5(1), 27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, I., Rastam, M., Wentz, E., & Gillberg, C. (2007). Cognitive and executive functions in anorexia nervosa ten years after onset of eating disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 170–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godart, N. T., Flament, M. F., Curt, F., Perdereau, F., Lang, F., Venisse, J. L., et al. (2003). Anxiety disorders in subjects seeking treatment for eating disorders: A DSM-IV controlled study. Psychiatry Research, 117, 245–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard, E., Carral-Fernandez, L., Denneny, E., Campbell, I. C., & Treasure, J. (2013). Cognitive flexibility, central coherence and social emotional processing in males with an eating disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry (Epub ahead of print).

  • Gokcen, S., Bora, E., Erermis, S., Kesikci, H., & Aydin, C. (2009). Theory of mind and verbal working memory deficits in parents of autistic children. Psychiatry Research, 166(1), 46–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636–645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, A. M., & Eley, T. C. (2011). The genetic basis of child and adolescent anxiety. In W. K. Silverman & A. P. Field (Eds.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 161–178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Halmi, K. A., Eckert, E., Marchi, P., Sampugnaro, V., Apple, R., & Cohen, J. (1991). Comorbidity of psychiatric diagnosis in anorexia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 712–718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, A., Sullivan, P. F., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. (2010a). Emotional functioning in eating disorders: Attentional bias, emotional recognition and emotion regulation. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1887–1897.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, A., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. (2010b). Attentional bias, emotion recognition, and emotion regulation in anorexia: State or trait? Biological Psychiatry, 68, 755–761.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatch, A., Madden, S., Kohn, M., Clarke, S., Touyz, S., & Williams, L. M. (2010). Anorexia nervosa: Towards an integrative neuroscience model. European Eating Disorders Review, 18(3), 165–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Müller, B., Herpertz, S., Heussen, N., Hebebrand, J., & Remschmidt, H. (2001). Prospective 10-year follow-up in adolescent anorexia nervosa-course, outcome, psychiatric comorbidity, and psychosocial adaptation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(1), 603–612.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinrichsen, H., Wright, F., Waller, G., & Meyer, C. (2003). Social anxiety and coping strategies in the eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 4(2), 117–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., Jr, & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobi, C., Haywards, C., de Zwann, M., Kraemer, H. C., & Agras, W. S. (2004). Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: Application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 19–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanakam, N., Raoult, C., Collier, D., & Treasure, J. (2012). Set shifting and central coherence as neurocognitive endophenotypes in eating disorders: A preliminary investigation in twins. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry (Epub ahead of print).

  • Kanakam, N. A., Krug, I., Raoult, C., Collier, D., & Treasure, J. Social and emotional processing as a behavioural endophenotype in eating disorders: A pilot investigation in twins (under review).

  • Karwautz, A., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Collier, D. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2002). Pre-morbid psychiatric morbidity, comorbidity and personality in patients with anorexia nervosa compared to their healthy sisters. European Eating Disorders Review, 10(4), 255–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, W. H. (2008). Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Physiology & Behavior, 94(1), 121–135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, W. H., Bulik, C. M., Thornton, L., Barbarich, N. C., & Masters, K. (2004). Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2215–2221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, M., Samarawickrema, N., DeJong, H., Van den Eynde, F., Startup, H., Lavender, A., et al. (2012). Theory of mind in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(3), 377–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klump, K. L., Bulik, C. M., Kaye, W. H., Treasure, J., & Tyson, E. (2009). Academy for eating disorders position paper: Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42(2), 97–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klump, K. L., Strober, M., Bulik, C. M., Thornton, L., Johnson, C., Devlin, B., et al. (2004). Personality characteristics of women before and after recovery from an eating disorder. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1407–1418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krug, I., Penelo, E., Fernandez-Aranda, F., Anderluh, M., Bellodi, L., Cellini, E., et al. (2012). Low social interactions in eating disorder patients in childhood and adulthood: A multi-centre European case control study. Journal of Health Psychology (Epub ahead of print).

  • Lee, M., & Shafran, R. (2008). Processing biases in eating disorders: The impact of temporal factors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(4), 372–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenfeld, L. R., Kaye, W. H., Greeno, C. G., Merikangas, K. R., Plotnicov, K., Pollice, C., et al. (1998). A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(7), 603–610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenfeld, L. R., Stein, D., Bulik, C. M., Strober, M., Plotnicov, K., Pollice, C., et al. (2000). Personality traits among currently eating disordered, recovered and never ill first-degree female relatives of bulimic and control women. Psychological Medicine, 30(6), 1399–1410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenfeld, L. R., Wonderlich, S. A., Riso, L. P., Crosby, R., & Mitchell, J. E. (2006). Eating disorders and personality: A methodological and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 299–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Losh, M., & Piven, J. (2007). Social-cognition and broad autism phenotype: Identifying genetically meaningful phenotypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 48, 105–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. A., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 40–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mintz, L. B., & O’Halloran, M. S. (2000). The eating attitudes test: Validation with DSM-IV eating disorder criteria. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74(3), 489–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mogg, K., McNamara, J., Powys, M., Rawlinson, H., Seiffer, A., & Bradley, B. P. (2000). Selective attention to threat: A test of two cognitive models of anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 375–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mogg, K., Wilson, K. A., Haywards, C., Cunning, D., & Bradley, B. P. (2012). Attentional biases for threat in at-risk daughters and mothers with lifetime panic disorder/. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 852–862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, H. (1982). National Adult Reading Test. Test manual. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.

  • Nilsson, E. W., Gillberg, C., & Råstam, M. (1998). Familial factors in anorexia nervosa: A community-based study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39(6), 392–399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oldershaw, A., Hambrook, D., Stahl, D., Tchanturia, K., Treasure, J., & Schmidt, U. (2011). The socio-emotional processing stream in anorexia nervosa. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 970–988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallister, E., & Waller, G. (2008). Anxiety in the eating disorders: Understanding the overlap. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 366–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro, A. P., Root, T., & Bulik, C. M. (2011). The genetics of anorexia nervosa: Current findings and future perspectives. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 2(2), 153–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, R. B., Siegle, G., & Mohlman, J. (2011). Emotional stroop performance in older adults: Effects of habitual worry. Americal Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (Epub ahead of print).

  • Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009). Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 311–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasetti, R., & Weinberger, D. R. (2011). Intermediate phenotypes in psychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 21, 340–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staugaard, S. R. (2010). Threatening faces and social anxiety: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 669–690.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Telch, C. F., & Rizvi, S. L. (2000). Development and validation of the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale: A brief self-report measure of anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder. Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 123–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strober, M., Freeman, R., Lampert, C., & Diamond, J. (2007). The association of anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive personality disorder with anorexia nervosa: Evidence from a family study with discussion of nosological and neurodevelopmental implications. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, S46–S51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strober, M., Freeman, R., Lampert, C., Diamond, J., & Kaye, W. H. (2000). Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 393–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swinbourne, J. M., Hunt, C., Abbott, M., Russell, J., St Clare, T., & Touyz, S. (2012). The comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: Prevalence in an eating disorder sample and anxiety disorder sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 118–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swinbourne, J. M., & Touyz, S. W. (2007). The co-morbidity of eating disorders and anxiety disorders: A review. European Eating Disorders Review, 15, 253–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, L. M., Dellava, J. E., Root, T. L., Lichtenstein, P., & Bulik, C. M. (2011). Anorexia nervosa and generalized anxiety disorder: Further explorations of the relation between anxiety and body mass index. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(5), 727–730.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treasure, J., Corfield, F., & Cardi, V. (2012). A three-phase model of the social emotional functioning in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review (Epub ahead of print).

  • Vainik, U., Dagher, A., Dubé, L., & Fellows, L. K. (2013). Neurobehavioural correlates of body mass index and eating behaviours in adults: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 37, 279–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, K. K., Werling, D. M., Zucker, N. L., & Platt, M. L. (2010). Altered social reward and attention in anorexia nervosa. Frontiers in Psychology. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00036.

  • Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yackobovitch-Gavan, M., Golan, M., Valevski, A., Kreitler, S., Bachar, E., Lieblich, A., et al. (2009). An integrative quantitative model of factors influencing the course of anorexia nervosa over time. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42(4), 306–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, N. L., Losh, M., Bulik, C. M., LaBar, K. S., & Piven, J. (2007). Anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders: Guided investigation of social cognitive endophenotypes. Psychological Bulletin, 133(6), 976–1006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This article presents independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research scheme (RP-PG-0606-1043). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.

Conflict of interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK

    E. Goddard & J. Treasure

Authors
  1. E. Goddard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Treasure
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Goddard.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Goddard, E., Treasure, J. Anxiety and Social-Emotional Processing in Eating Disorders: Examination of Family Trios. Cogn Ther Res 37, 890–904 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9535-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9535-2

Keywords

  • Eating disorders
  • Anxiety
  • Attentional bias
  • Emotion
  • Relatives
  • Intermediate phenotypes