Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Depression, Neuroticism, and Mood-regulation Expectancies for Engagement and Disengagement Coping Among Cigarette Smokers

  • Original article
  • Published:
Cognitive Therapy and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Relapse to cigarette smoking after a quit attempt is often the result of inadequate coping. In a study of 72 cigarette smokers, relationships between neuroticism, depressive symptoms, and the use of engagement and disengagement coping strategies were explored, along with expectancies for the effectiveness of these different types of coping for regulating affect. Depression and neuroticism showed significant positive relationships with disengagement coping strategies (such as withdrawing from the situation) and negative relationships with engagement strategies (such as approaching those involved). In addition, mood-regulation expectancies for coping strategies were closely associated with their projected use. These findings may be helpful in tailoring coping skills training components of smoking cessation treatments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtstädter, J. (2000). Emotion, cognition, and control: Limits of intentionality. In W. J. G. Perrig & A. Grob (Ed.), Control of human behavior, mental processes, and consciousness: Essays in honor of the 60th birthday of August Flammer (pp. 3–16). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  • Bryk A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. In Advanced qualitative techniques in the social sciences, 1 (Vol. xvi, 265 pp). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.

  • Catley, D., Ahluwalia, J. S., Resnicow, K., Nazir, N. (2003). Depressive symptoms and smoking cessation among inner-city African Americans using the nicotine patch. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5, 61–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor-Smith, J., & Compas, B. E. (2004). Coping as a moderator of relations between reactivity to interpersonal stress, health status, and internalizing problems. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 28, 347–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C., & Racioppo, M. R. (2000). Never the twain shall meet? Closing the gap between coping research and clinical intervention research. American Psychologist, 55, 655–664.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunthert, K. C., Cohen, L. H., & Armeli, S. (1999). The role of neuroticism in daily stress and coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1087–1100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunthert, K. C., Cohen, L. H., & Armeli, S. (2002). Unique effects of depressive and anxious symptomatology on daily stress and coping. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 583–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haaga, D. A. F., Thorndike, F. P., Friedman-Wheeler, D. G., Pearlman, M. Y., & Wernicke, R. A. (2004). Cognitive coping skills and depression vulnerability among cigarette smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1109–1122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119–1127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, C. W., Brown, R. A., Strong, D. R., Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., & Niaura, R. (2003). History of major depressive disorder among smokers in cessation treatment: Associations with dysfunctional attitudes and coping. Addictive behaviors, 28, 1033–1047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R., & Paronis, C. A. (2003). Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 270–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnunen, T., Doherty, K., Militello, F. S., & Garvey, A. J. (1996). Depression and smoking cessation: Characteristics of depressed smokers and effects of nicotine replacement. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 64, 791–798.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddux, J. E. (1999). Expectancies and the social-cognitive perspective: Basic principles, processes, and variables. In I. Kirsch (Ed.), How expectancies shape experience (pp. 17–39). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, R. R. (1990). Controlling neuroticism in the measurement of stress. Stress Medicine, 6, 237–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niaura, R., Britt, D. M., Shadel, W. G., Goldstein, M., Abrams, D., & Brown, R. (2001). Symptoms of depression and survival experience among three samples of smokers trying to quit. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 13–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, T. B., & DeLongis, A. (1996). The interactional context of problem-, emotion- and relationship-focused coping: The role of the big five personality factors. Journal of Personality, 64, 775–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerleau, C., Carton, S., Lutzke, M., Flessland, K., & Pomerleau, O. (1994). Reliability of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 33–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reicherts, M. (1992). A stimulus-response process questionnaire. In M. Perrez, & M. Reicherts (Eds.), Stress, coping, and health: A situation-behavior approach: Theory, methods, applications (pp. 41–46). Kirkland, WA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reicherts, M., & Perrez, M. (1991). Stress and coping process questionnaire. In M. Perrez, & M. Reicherts (Eds.), Stress, coping, and health: A situation-behavior approach: Theory, methods, applications. (pp. 207–225). Kirkland, WA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, S., Paty, J. A., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. A., & Hickcox, M. (1996). First lapses to smoking: Within-subjects analysis of real-time reports. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 64, 366–379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, E. A., & Edge, K. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 216–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steer, R. A., Ball, R., Ranieri, W. F., & Beck, A. T. (1999). Dimensions of the Beck depression inventory-II in clinically depressed outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 117–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, J. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th edn.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: The place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 149–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., David, J. P., & Suls, J. (1999). Personality, affectivity, & coping. In C.R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 119–140). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm, K., Arnold, K., Niven, H., & Richmond, R. (2004). Grey lungs and blue moods: Smoking cessation in the context of lifetime depression history. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 896–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Dara G. Friedman-Wheeler

    Present address: Psychopathology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

  2. Elizabeth McIntosh

    Present address: Department of Psychological Health and Psychiatry, Wardenburg Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, American University, Asbury Building, Washington, DC, 20016-8062, USA

    Dara G. Friedman-Wheeler, David A. F. Haaga, Kathleen C. Gunthert, Anthony H. Ahrens & Elizabeth McIntosh

Authors
  1. Dara G. Friedman-Wheeler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David A. F. Haaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kathleen C. Gunthert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anthony H. Ahrens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Elizabeth McIntosh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David A. F. Haaga.

Additional information

This article is based on a doctoral dissertation completed by the first author under the supervision of the second author. We are grateful to dissertation committee member Kelly Rohan for her comments on earlier versions of this material. We would also like to thank Kristin Werner, Anne-Marie Jefferson, and Emma Mansour for their help in conducting this research.

The research reported in this article was conducted as part of a larger study, funded by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (1R21 CA91829-01A1). The data were presented in part at the 37th annual convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy in November, 2004, New Orleans, LA.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Friedman-Wheeler, D.G., Haaga, D.A.F., Gunthert, K.C. et al. Depression, Neuroticism, and Mood-regulation Expectancies for Engagement and Disengagement Coping Among Cigarette Smokers. Cogn Ther Res 32, 105–115 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9099-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9099-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation