Skip to main content
Log in

Creating Comprehensive Crisis Response Systems: An Opportunity to Build on The Promise of 988

  • Fresh Focus
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The implementation of a national suicide prevention hotline is imminent and will need to be supported by comprehensive crisis systems, which are currently rarely implemented in part due to their cost. In this Commentary paper we identify three core components of a high-functioning, integrated crisis service system. We identified regional crisis call centers, mobile response teams, and crisis receiving and stabilization centers as core components of an integrated crisis service system. We then outline how this approach has been used in Arizona. Building out these systems and sustainable funding models to support these systems is necessary to ensure that 988 implementation lives up to the promise of creating a lifeline to support services for individuals in crisis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • City of Tuscon (2016). 2016-12-22). Tucson Police - Mental Health Support Team. https://www.tucsonaz.gov/police/mental-health-support-team-mhst

  • Fazel, S., Hayes, A. J., Bartellas, K., Clerici, M., & Trestman, R. (2016). Mental health of prisoners: prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(9), 871–881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, T. O. N. (2020). The Economic Costs of the US Criminal Justice System. American Action Forum: https://www.americanactionforum.org/research/theeconomic-costs-of-the-us-criminal-justice-system

  • Maricopa, C. (2022). Mental Health & Substance Use | Maricopa County, AZ. https://www.maricopa.gov/mentalhealth

  • Mukherjee, D., & Saxon, V. (2019). “Psychological Boarding” and community-based behavioral health crisis stabilization. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(3), 375–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S. M., Polsky, D., Lee, J. D., Friedmann, P. D., Kinlock, T. W., Nunes, E. V., & Boney, T. Y. (2017). Cost-effectiveness of extended release naltrexone to prevent relapse among criminal justice‐involved individuals with a history of opioid use disorder. Addiction, 112(8), 1440–1450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Academy for State Health Policy (2022). State Legislation to Fund and Implement ‘988’ for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. https://www.nashp.org/state-legislation-to-fund-and-implement-988-for-the-national-suicide-prevention-lifeline/

  • National Association of State Mental Health Program, D (2022). Crisis Now - Transforming Crisis Services. https://crisisnow.com/

  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (2020). Criminal Justice DrugFacts. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/criminal-justice: @NIDAnews Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/criminal-justice

  • Satiani, A., Niedermier, J., Satiani, B., & Svendsen, D. P. (2018). Projected workforce of psychiatrists in the United States: a population analysis. Psychiatric Services, 69(6), 710–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saxon, V., Mukherjee, D., & Thomas, D. (2018). Behavioral health crisis stabilization centers: A new normal. Journal of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology, 2(3), 23–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. L. (2000). Evaluation of a mobile crisis program: effectiveness, efficiency, and consumer satisfaction. Psychiatric Services, 51(9), 1153–1156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014). Crisis Services: Effectiveness, Cost Effectiveness, and Funding Strategies. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Crisis-Services-Effectiveness-Cost-Effectiveness-and-FundingStrategies/sma14-4848

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2020). National Guidelines for Behavioral Health Crisis Care - A Best Practice Toolkit. www.samhsa.gov

  • San San Thinn, D., Kuswanto, C. N., Sum, M. Y., Chai, S. B., Koh, D. S. H., Xu, C., & Sim, K. (2015). The 23-hour observation unit admissions within the emergency service at a national tertiary psychiatric hospital: clarifying clinical profiles, outcomes, and predictors of subsequent hospitalization. The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders, 17(4), 27331

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2021). National Inmate Survey, 2011–2012 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35009.v2

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rebecca L. Fix.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests. Drs. Fix and Bandara were supported by the Bloomberg American Health Initiative to work on the current research project. Methods guidelines: We did not conduct a research study, and thus do not have any relevant guidelines to name.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fix, R.L., Bandara, S., Fallin, M.D. et al. Creating Comprehensive Crisis Response Systems: An Opportunity to Build on The Promise of 988. Community Ment Health J 59, 205–208 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-01017-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-01017-6

Keywords

Navigation