Abstract
Mental health needs are common among community corrections offenders and many are enrolled in some form of supervised or mandated treatment. One category of mental health problem which may be germane to both treatment completion and recidivism among those in legally supervised treatment is the diagnosis of Personality Disorder (PD). This systematic review reports on sixteen studies comprised of full or mixed legally-supervised samples of offender in community-based treatment and examines the impact of PDs on treatment completion. These studies were difficult to compare because of the differences in program setting, definition of treatment completion, definition of PD, method of PD assessment and type of treatment, among other variables. The impact of antisocial personality disorder in treatment was a common focus, and other PDs were rarely assessed. The relevance of DSM PD categories to offender management in community corrections as well as the limitations of the current PD diagnostic categories is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Edition-TR). Washington, DC: Author.
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16, 39–55. doi:10.1037/a0018362.
Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Hoge, R. D. (1990). Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, 19–52.
Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime and Delinquency, 52, 7–27. doi:10.1177/0011128705281756.
Baillargeon, J., Williams, B. A., Mellow, J., Harzke, A. J., Hoge, S. K., Baillargeon, G., et al. (2009). Parole revocation among prison inmates with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services, 60, 1516–1521. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.60.11.1516.
Bazemore, G., & Schiff, M. (2005). Juvenile justice reform and restorative justice: Building theory and policy from practice. Portland, OR: Willan.
Bender, D. S., Dolan, R. T., Skodol, A. E., Sanislow, C. A., Dyck, I. R., McGlashan, T. H., et al. (2001). Treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 295–302.
Bender, V., King, M., & Torbet, P. (2006). Advancing accountability: Moving toward victim restoration. Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 57, 53–67.
Blumenthal, S., Craissati, J., & Minchin, L. (2009). The development of a specialist hostel for the community management of personality disordered offenders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19, 43–53. doi:10.1002/cbm.720.
Bowden-Jones, O., Iqbal, M. Z., Tyrer, P., Seivewright, N., Cooper, S., & Judd, A. (2004). Prevalence of personality disorder in alcohol and drug services and associated comorbidity. Addiction, 99, 1306–1314.
Brooner, R. K., King, V. L., Kidorf, M., Schmidt, C. W., & Bigelow, G. E. (1997). Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment seeking opioid abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 71–80.
Chang, H., & Saunders, D. G. (2002). Predictors of attrition in two types of group programs for men who batter. Journal of Family Violence, 17, 273–291.
Daughters, S. B., Stipelman, B. A., Sargeant, M. N., Schuster, R., Bornovalova, M. A., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008). The interactive effects of antisocial personality disorder and court-mandated status on substance abuse treatment dropout. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34, 157–164. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.02.007.
Derks, F. C. H. (1996). A forensic day treatment program for personality-disordered criminal offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 40, 123–134. doi:10.1177/0306624X96402005.
Driessen, M., Veltrup, C., Wetterling, T., John, U., & Dilling, H. (1998). Axis I and Axis II comorbidity in alcohol dependence and the two types of alcoholism. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 77–86.
Easton, C. J., Oberleitner, L. M., Scott, M. C., Crowley, M. J., Babuscio, T. A., & Carroll, K. M. (2012). Differences in treatment outcome among Marijuana-dependent young adults with and without antisocial personality disorder. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Early Online, 1-9. doi: 10.3109/00952990.2011.643989.
Eckhardt, C., Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Norlander, B., Sibley, A., & Cahill, M. (2008). Readiness to change, partner violence subtypes, and treatment outcomes among men in treatment for partner assault. Violence and Victims, 23, 446–475.
Ekselius, L., Lindstrom, E., Knorring, L., Bodlund, O., & Kullgren, G. (1994). Comorbidity among the personality disorders in DSM-III-R. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 155–160.
Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23,000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. The Lancet, 359, 545–550. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07740-1.
Festinger, D. S., Marlowe, D. B., Lee, P. A., Kirby, K. C., Bovasso, G., & McLellan, A. T. (2002). Status hearings in drug court: When more is less and less is more. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68, 151–157.
Glaze, L. E. (2011). Correctional Population in the United States, 2010. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Glaze, L. E., & Bonczar, T. P. (2011). Probation and Parole in the United States, 2010. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., et al. (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 948–958.
Greenberg, W. M., Otero, J., & Villanueva, L. (1994). Irregular discharges from a dual diagnosis unit. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 20, 355–371.
Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., Shea, M. T., Skodol, A. E., Stout, R. L., Gunderson, J. G., et al. (2005). Two-year prospective naturalistic study of remission from major depressive disorder as a function of personality disorder comorbidity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 78–85. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.78.
Hopwood, C. J., Malone, J. C., Ansell, E. B., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., et al. (2011). Personality assessment in DSM-5: Empirical support for rating severity, style, and traits. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 305–320. doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.3.305.
Kokkevi, A., Stefanis, N., Anastasopoulou, E., & Kostogianni, C. (1998). Personality disorders in drug abusers: Prevalence and their association with AXIS I disorders as predictors of treatment retention. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 841–853.
Langevin, R. (2006). Acceptance and completion of treatment among sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, 402–417. doi:10.1177/0306624X06286870.
Larochelle, S., Diguer, L., Laverdière, O., Gamache, D., Greenman, P. S., & Descoteaux, J. (2010). Psychological dimensions of antisocial personality disorder as predictors of psychotherapy noncompletion among sexual offenders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 74, 1–28.
Lattimore, P. K., Broner, N., Sherman, R., Frisman, L., & Shafer, M. S. (2003). A comparison of pre-booking and post-booking diversion programs for mentally ill substance abusing individuals with justice involvement. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 19, 30–64.
Lurigio, A. J., Cho, Y. I., Swartz, J. A., Johnson, T. P., Graf, I., & Pickup, L. (2003). Standardized assessment of substance-related, other psychiatric, and comorbid disorders among probationers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47, 630–652. doi:10.1177/0306624X03257710.
MacKenzie, D. L., Browning, K., Skroban, S. B., & Smith, D. A. (1999). The impact of probation on the criminal activities of offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 423–453.
Madeddu, F., Prunas, A., & Hartmann, D. (2009). Prevalence of Axis II disorders in a sample of clients undertaking psychiatric evaluation for sex reassignment surgery. Psychiatric Quarterly, 80, 261–267.
Magyar, M. S., Edens, J. F., Lilienfeld, S. O., Douglas, K. S., Poythress, N. G, Jr., & Skeem, J. L. (2012). Using the personality assessment inventory to predict male offenders’ conduct during and progression through substance abuse treatment. Psychological Assessment, 24, 216–225. doi:10.1037/a0025359.
Maxwell, S. R., & Gray, M. K. (2000). Deterrence: Testing the effects of perceived sanction certainty on probation violations. Sociological Inquiry, 70, 117–136.
Meier, P. S., & Barrowclough, C. (2009). Mental health problems: Are they or are they not a risk factor for drop out from drug treatment? A systematic review of the evidence. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 16, 7–38. doi:10.1080/09687630701741030.
Messina, N. P., Wish, E. D., & Nemes, S. (1999). Therapeutic community treatment for substance abusers with antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17, 121–128.
Mumola, C. J., & Bonczar, T. P. (1998). Substance abuse and treatment of adults on probation, 1995. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P., & Johnson, T. (2006). Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: meta analysis of published studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 13–20. doi:10.1192/bjp.188.1.13.
Olver, M. E., Stockdale, K. C., & Wormith, J. S. (2011). A meta-analysis of predictors of offender treatment attrition and its relationship to recidivism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 6–21.
Parhar, K. K., Wormith, S. J., Derkzen, D. M., & Beauregard, A. M. (2008). Offender coercion in treatment : A meta-analysis of effectiveness. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 1109–1135.
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Both, L., Kumar, S., Wilhelm, K., & Olley, A. (2004). Measuring disordered personality functioning: To love and to work reprised. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 230–239.
Poythress, N. G., Edens, J. F., Skeem, J. L., Lilienfeld, S. O., Douglas, K. S., Frick, P. J., et al. (2010). Identifying subtypes among offenders with antisocial personality disorder: A cluster-analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 389–400. doi:10.1037/a0018611.
Ravndal, E., Vaglum, P., & Lauritzen, G. (2005). Completion of long-term inpatient treatment of drug abusers: A prospective study from 13 different units. European Addiction Research, 11, 180–185. doi:10.1159/000086399.
Rounsaville, B. J., Kranzler, H. R., Ball, S. A., Tennen, H., Poling, J., & Triffleman, E. (1998). Personality disorders in substance abusers: Relation to substance use. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 87–95.
Samuel, D. B., LaPaglia, D. M., Maccarelli, L. M., Moore, B. A., & Ball, S. A. (2011). Personality disorders and retention in a therapeutic community for substance dependence. American Journal on Addictions, 20, 555–562. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00174.x.
Schwalbe, C. S. (2012). Toward an integrated theory of probation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 185–201. doi:10.1177/0093854811430185.
Skeem, J. L., & Manchak, S. (2008). Back to the future: from Klockars’ model of effective supervision to evidence-based practice in probation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 47, 220–247.
Steadman, H., Monahan, J., Appelbaum, P., Grisso, T., Mulvey, E., Roth, L., et al. (1994). Designing a new generation of risk assessment research. In J. Monahan & H. Steadman (Eds.), Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment (pp. 297–318). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sussner, B. D., Kline, A., Smelson, D. A., Losonczy, M., & Salvatore, S. J. (2008). The role of psychosocial characteristics in premature discharge from residential services for homeless veterans. Psychological Services, 5, 341–350.
Sutker, P. B., & Allain, A. N, Jr. (1988). Issues in personality conceptualizations of addictive behaviors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 172–182.
Svrakic, D. M., Whitehead, C., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1993). Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 991–999.
Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2012). The impact of borderline personality disorder on residential substance abuse treatment dropout among men. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 121, 97–102.
Verheul, R. (2001). Co-morbidity of personality disorders in individuals with substance use disorders. European Psychiatry, 16, 274–282.
Verheul, R., Andrea, H., Berghout, C. C., Dolan, C., Busschbach, J. V., van der Kroft, P. J. A., et al. (2008). Severity indices of personality problems (SIPP-118): Development, factor structure, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 20, 23–34. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.20.1.23.
Wexler, D. B. (2001). The development of therapeutic jurisprudence: From theory to practice. In L. E. Frost & B. R. J. (Eds.), The evolution of mental health law. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
Widiger, T. A., & Clark, L. A. (2000). Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 946–963.
Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., & Chelminski, I. (2005). The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1911–1918. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1911.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carr, W.A. The Impact of Personality Disorders on Legally Supervised Community Treatment: A Systematic Literature Review. Community Ment Health J 50, 664–672 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-013-9649-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-013-9649-8