Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Burdens and Psychological Health of Family Caregivers of People with Schizophrenia in Two Chinese Metropolitan Cities: Hong Kong and Guangzhou

  • Brief Report
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Family members charged with the care of those suffering from schizophrenia experience considerable stress due to their multiple responsibilities. Research regarding the burdens of caregiving is scant in Hong Kong and China. The present study quantified the association of the duties of caregivers with mental health symptoms in two Asian cities having distinct health care systems (i.e., Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China). Thirty nine caregivers in Hong Kong and 70 caregivers in Guangzhou were recruited from nongovernmental mental health organizations. They were assessed using the Chinese version of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire. While the Guangzhou family caregivers had a significantly higher burden than the Hong Kong sample, there was no significant difference in the psychological health status of family caregivers in the two cities. Result of correlational analyses, however, revealed high associations between burden of care variables and the psychological health of the caregivers. Findings for the present study have implications regarding the physical and mental health needs of those caring for seriously disturbed relatives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Awad, A.G., & Wallace, M. (1999). Patient and carer perspectives in schizophrenia: a workshop. Paper presented at the The First Worldwide Pfizer Neuroscience Consultants Forum.

  • Birchwood, M., & Jackson, C. (2001). Schizophrenia. East Sussex, England: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleuler, M. (1978). The schizophrenic disorders, long term patient and family studies. [Die schizophrenia Geistess torvingen im lichte langjalriger Kranker-under familienge schichgen]. (S. M. Clements, Trans.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Original work published 1972).

  • Boey, K. W., & Chiu, H. F. K. (1998). Assessing psychological well-being of the old–old: A comparative study of GDS-15 and GHQ-12. Clinical Gerontologist, 19, 65–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D. W., & Chan, T. S. (1983). Reliability, validity and the structure of the General Health Questionnaire in a Chinese context. Psychological Medicine, 13, 363–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, K. (2000). Caregiver burden: A concept analysis. Journal of Paediatric Nursing, 15, 398–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, K., LaMontagne, L., & Hepworth, J. (1999). Burden experienced by caregivers or relative with dementia in Taiwan. Nursing Research, 48, 206–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daradkeh, T. K., Ghubash, R., & El-Rufaie, O. E. F. (2001). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Arabic version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Report, 89, 85–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foldemo, A., Gullberg, M., Ek, A., & Bogren, L. (2005). Quality of life and burden in parents for outpatients with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 133–138. doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0853-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Slough: NFER-Nelson Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guangzhou Municipal Statistical Bureau. (2007). Guangzhou statistical yearbook. China Beijing: Statistical Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez-Maldonado, J., Caqueo-Urizar, A., & Kavanagh, D. (2005). Burden of care and general health in families of patients with schizophrenia. Social Psychaitry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 899–904. doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0963-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, K., Burns, T., Fahy, T., Manley, C., & Tattan, T. (2001). Relatives of patients with severe psychotic illness: Factors that influence appraisal of caregiving and psychological distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 456–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, X. Y., Hung, B. J., Sun, F. K., Lin, J. D., & Chen, C. C. (2009). The experiences of carers in Taiwanese culture who have long-term schizophrenia in their families: A phenomenological study. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 16, 874–883. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01468.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jungbaur, J., Wittmund, B., & Dietrich, S. (2003). Subjective burden over 12 months in parents of patients with schizophrenia. Archive of Psychiatric Nursing, 17, 126–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, M., Mangalore, R., & Simon, J. (2004). The global costs of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 279–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, D. Y. K., & Pang, A. H. T. (2007). Caregiving experience for Chinese caregivers of persons suffering from severe mental disorders. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, P. W., Lieh-Mak, F., Wong, M. C., Fung, A. S., Mak, K. Y., & Lam, J. (1998). The 15-year outcome of Chinese patients with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 706–713.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M., Lambert, C., & Lambert, V. (2007). Caregiver burden and coping patterns of Chinese parents of a child with a mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 16, 86–95. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2007.00451.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loomis, L. S., & Booth, A. (1995). Multigenerational caregiving and well-being. The myth of the beleaguered sandwich generation. Journal of Family Issues, 16, 131–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madianos, M., Economou, M., & Dafni, O. (2004). Family disruption, economic hardship and psychological distress in schizophrenia: Can they be measured? European Psychiatry, 19, 408–414. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magana, S. M., Ramirez Garcia, J. I., Hernandez, M. G., & Cortez, R. (2007). Psychological distress among latino family caregivers of adults with schizophrenia: The roles of burden and stigma. Psychiatric Services, 58, 378–384. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.58.3.378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mo, F. Y. M., Chung, W. S., Wong, S. W., Chun, D. Y. Y., Wong, K. S., & Chan, S. S. M. (2008). Experience of caregiving in caregivers of patients with first-episode psychosis. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 101–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, D. J., Geene, V. L., & Coleman, P. D. (1992). Caregiver support groups: Factors affecting use of services. Social Work, 37, 254–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, V., & Ning, S. P. (1997). Family care in schizophrenia: An undervalued resource. In W. L. W. Chan & N. Rhind (Eds.), Social work intervention in health care (pp. 317–336). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, M. R., Pearson, V., Li, F., Xu, M., & Yang, L. (2002). Stigma and expressed emotion: A study of people with schizophrenia and their family members in China. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 488–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Provencher, H. L. (1997). Schizophrenia: Revisited. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 4, 275–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., Ernbert, G., Anker, M., Cooper, J. E., et al. (1986). Early manifestation and first contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures: A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO collaborative study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 16, 909–928.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schene, A. H., & van Wijngaarden, B. (1992). The involvement evaluation questionnaire. Amsterdam: Department of Psychiatry. University of Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sisk, R. J. (2000). Caregiver burden and health promotions. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 37, 37–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, V. W., Leung, S. K., & Lam, L. C. (2008). Clinical correlates of the caregiving experience for Chinese caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 720–726. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0357-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, H. W. H., Tam, P. K. C., Chan, F., & Chang, W. M. (2003). Sources of burden on families of individuals with mental illness. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 26, 123–130. doi:10.1097/01.mrr.0000070761.13531.a1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., & Green, A. I. (1999). Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. In A. M. Nicholi (Ed.), The harvard guide to psychitry (3rd ed., pp. 240–280). London: Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Wijngaarden, B., & Schene, A. H. (1997). The Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (European Version). Amsterdam: Department of Psychiatry. University of Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Wijngaarden, B., Schene, A. H., & Koeter, M. W. J. (2002). Caregiver consequences in the Netherlands and other European countries: The development and use of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ). In H. P. Lefley & D. L. Johnson (Eds.), Family Interventions in mental illness: International perspectives (pp. 145–169). Westport, CT: Praeger Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijngaarden, B., Schene, A., Koeter, M., Becker, T., Knapp, M., Knudsen, H. C., et al. (2003). People with schizophrenia in five countries: Conceptual similarities and intercultural differences in family caregiving. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 573–586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, E. Q., Birnbaum, H. G., Shi, L., Ball, D. E., Kessler, R. C., Moulis, M., et al. (2005). The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1122–1129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, Y. T., Ma, X., Cai, Z. J., Li, S. R., Xiang, Y. Q., Guo, H. L., et al. (2008). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of schizophrenia in Beijing, China. Schizophrenia Research, 102, 270–277. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Petrus Ng.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

CW Lam, P., Ng, P. & Tori, C. Burdens and Psychological Health of Family Caregivers of People with Schizophrenia in Two Chinese Metropolitan Cities: Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Community Ment Health J 49, 841–846 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-013-9622-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-013-9622-6

Keywords

Navigation