Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Gestational Risks and Psychiatric Disorders Among Indigenous Adolescents

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Absract

This study reports on the effects maternal prenatal binge drinking, cigarette smoking, drug use, and pregnancy and birth complications on meeting criteria for psychiatric disorders at ages 10–12 and 13–15 years among 546 Indigenous adolescents from a single culture in the northern Midwest and Canada. Adolescent DSM-IV psychiatric disorders were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised (DISC-R). Results indicate that maternal behaviors when pregnant have significant effects on adolescent psychiatric disorders even when controlling for age and gender of adolescent, family per capita income, living in a single mother household, and adolescent reports of mother’s positive parenting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Autti-Ramo, I. (2000). Twelve-year follow-up of children exposed to alcohol in-utero. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 406–411. doi:10.1017/S0012162200000748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, H., Bookstein, F., O’Malley, K., Connor, P., Hugguns, J., & Streissguth, A. (2006). Binge drinking during pregnancy as a predictor of psychiatric disorders on the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV among young adult offspring. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1061–1065. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.6.1061.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beals, J., Manson, S., Whitesell, N., Spicer, P., Novins, D., & Mitchell, C. (2005). Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and attendant help-seeking in 2 American Indian reservation populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 99–108. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.1.99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, H., Gould, M., & Staghezza, B. (1992). Aggregating data from multiple informants in child psychiatry epidemiological research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 78–85. doi:10.1097/00004583-199201000-00012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, D., & Anderson, P. (1989). Appraisal of the epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome among Canadian Native people. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 80, 42–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G., Dorsey, S., Forehand, R., & Armistead, L. (2002). Unique and protective contributions of parenting and classroom processes to the adjustment of African American children living in single-parent families. Child Development, 73, 274–286. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G., Murry, V., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F., McNair, L., Brown, A., et al. (2006). The African American families program: Prevention of youths’ high-risk behavior and test of a model of change. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 1–11. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, D., Znang, C., Rosenberg, G., & Brook, J. (2006). Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and child aggressive behavior. The American Journal on Addictions, 15, 450–456. doi:10.1080/10550490600998559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, F., & Warren, K. (2007). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Historical perspectives. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 31, 168–171. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.023.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. (1995). The continuity of maladaptive behavior: From description to understanding in the study of antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental Psychology (Vol. II, pp. 472–511). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC. (2004a). Alcohol consumption among women who are pregnant of who might become pregnant-United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53, 1178–1181.

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC. (2004b). Smoking during pregnancy-United States, 1990–2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53, 911–915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, K., Tarter, R., Kirisci, L., & Cornelius, M. (2007). Childhood neurobehavior disinhibition amplifies risk of substance use disorder: Interaction of parental history and prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 28, 219–224. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3180327907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day, N., Goldschmidt, L., & Thomas, C. (2006). Prenatal marijuana exposure contributes to the prediction of marijuana use at age 14. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101, 1313–1323. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01523.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D., Goodwin, R., & Horwood, L. (2003). Major depression and cigarette smoking: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1357–1367. doi:10.1017/S0033291703008596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glantz, M., & Chambers, J. (2006). Prenatal drug exposure effects on subsequent vulnerability to drug abuse. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 893–922. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, K., Day, N., Leech, S., & Richardson, G. (2005). Prenatal marijuana exposure: Effect on child depressive symptoms at ten years of age. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 439–448. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2005.03.010.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hankin, J. (2002). Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention research. Alcohol Research & Health, 26, 58–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hans, S. (2002). Studies of prenatal exposure to drugs: Focusing on parental care of children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 24, 329–337. doi:10.1016/S0892-0362(02)00195-2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howell, K., Lynch, M., Platzman, K., Smith, G., & Coles, C. (2006). Prenatal alcohol exposure and ability, academic achievement, and school functioning in adolescence: A longitudinal follow-up. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 116–126. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, J., & Jacobson, S. (2002). Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on child development. Alcohol Research & Health, 26, 282–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jane-Llopis, E., & Matytsina, I. (2006). Mental health and alcohol, drugs, and tobacco: A review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25, 515–536. doi:10.1080/09595230600944461.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaudes, P., Ekwo, E., Voorhis, J., & Kelley, (1995). Association between drug abuse and child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1065–1075. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00068-J.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, P., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Bird, H., Dulcan, M., Schwab-Stone, M., et al. (1999). Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1569–1579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K., & Smith, D. (1973). Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet, 3, 999–1001. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91092-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K., Smith, D., Ulleland, C., & Streissguth, A. (1973). Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet, 3, 1261–1271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knopik, V. S., Heath, A. C., Jacob, T., Slutske, W. S., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., et al. (2006). Maternal alcohol use disorder and offspring ADHD: Disentangling genetic and environmental effects using a children-of-twins design. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1461–1471. doi:10.1017/S0033291706007884.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaGasse, L., Messinger, D., Lester, B. M., Seifer, R., Tronick, E. Z., Bauer, C. R., et al. (2003). Prenatal drug exposure and maternal and infant feeding behavior. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 88, 391–399. doi:10.1136/fn.88.5.F391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K., Mattson, S., & Riley, E. (2004). Classifying children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure using measures of attention. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 271–277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, M., & Hoyme, H. (2007). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A practical clinical approach to diagnosis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 31, 230–238. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.016.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, P. (1991). Fetal alcohol effects among North American Indians. Alcohol Health and Research World, 15, 329–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, P. (1995). A multilevel comprehensive approach to the prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and other alcohol related birth defects (ARBD). The International Journal of the Addictions, 30, 1549–1602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, P., & Gossage, J. (2001). Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome: A summary. Alcohol Research & Health, 25, 159–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, P., & Hymbaugh, K. (1989). A macro-level fetal alcohol syndrome prevention program for Native Americans and Alaska Natives: Description and evaluation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 508–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGloin, J., Pratt, T., & Piquero, A. (2006). A life course analysis of the criminogenic effects of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy: A research note on the mediating impact of neuropsychological deficit. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43, 412–426. doi:10.1177/0022427806292340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minnes, S., Singer, L., Arendt, R., & Satayathum, S. (2005). Effects of prenatal cocaine/polydrug use on maternal-infant feeding interactions during the first year of life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 26, 194–200. doi:10.1097/00004703-200506000-00005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minnesota Department of Health. (2002). Taking a closer look: Drinking during pregnancy in Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Health.

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1997). Developmental theories of crime and delinquency. In T. P. Thornberry (Ed.), Adolescent-limited and life-course persistent offending: A complementary pair of developmental theories (pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molitor, A., Mayes, L., & Ward, A. (2003). Emotion regulation behavior during a separation procedure in 18-month old children of mothers using cocaine and other drugs. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 39–54. doi:10.1017/S0954579403000038.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monuteaux, M., Blacker, D., Biederman, J., Fitzmaurice& Buka S., G., & Buka, S. (2006). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overt and covert conduct problems: A longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 47, 883–890. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01566.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mun, E., Fitzgerald, H., Von Eye, A., Puttler, L., & Zucker, R. (2001). Temperamental characteristics as predictors of externalizing and internalizing child behavior problems in the contexts of high and low parental psychopathology. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 22, 393–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, K., Rovet, J., Greenbaum, R., Fantus, E., Nulman, I., & Koren, G. (2006). Identifying the behavioural phenotype in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Sensitivity, specificity, and screening potential. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 9, 191. doi:10.1007/s00737-006-0130-3. 186.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSDUH. (2002). National survey on drug use and health. Cigarette use among American Indian/Alaska Native Youths. January 25, 2002.

  • NSDUH. (2004). National survey on drug use and health. Pregnancy and substance use. The NSDUH Report; January, 2, 2004.

  • NSDUH. (2006). National survey on drug use and health past month cigarette use among racial and ethnic groups. The NSDUH Report; January 2, 2006.

  • O’Callaghan, F., O’Callaghan, M., Najman, J., Williams, G., Bor, W., & Alati, R. (2006). Prediction of adolescent smoking from family and social risk factors at 5 years, and maternal smoking in pregnancy at 5 and 14 years. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101, 282–290. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01323.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, M., McCracken, J., & Best, A. (2006). Under recognition of prenatal alcohol exposure in a child inpatient psychiatric setting. Mental Health Aspects of Health Disparities, 9, 105–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, K., & Nanson, J. (2002). Clinical Implications of a link between fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 349–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, T., McGloin, J., & Fearn, N. (2006). Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and criminal/deviant behavior: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, 672–690. doi:10.1177/0306624X06286623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K., Munafo, M., Rodriquez, D., Drury, M., Murphy, M., Neale, R., et al. (2005). Longitudinal analysis of the effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on subsequent smoking behavior of offspring. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 7, 801–808. doi:10.1080/14622200500262840.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schinke, S., Tepavac, L., & Cole, K. (2000). Preventing substance abuse among Native American youth: Three-year results. Addictive Behaviors, 25, 387–397. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(99)00071-4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, M., Denardin, D., Silva, T., Pianca, T., Hutz, M. H., Faraone, S., et al. (2006). Smoking during pregnancy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type: A case-control study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1338–1345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schonfield, A., Mattson, S., & Riley, E. (2005). Moral maturity and delinquency after prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 545–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuetze, P., & Eiden, R. (2007). The association between prenatal exposure to cigarettes and infant and maternal negative affect. Infant Behavior and Development, 30, 387–398. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.10.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab-Stone, M., Shaffer, D., Dulcan, M., Jensen, P. S., Fisher, P., Bird, H. R., et al. (1996). Criterion validity of the NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children version (2.3) (DISC-2.3). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 878–888.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S., Day, S., Irving, J., & Oakes, M. (2004). Reducing tobacco use among pregnant American Indian women: Final report. Minneapolis, MN: MPAAT 2004.

  • Shaffer, D., Schwab-Stone, M., Fisher, P., Lucas, C., & Dulcan, M. (1993). The diagnostic interview schedule for children-revised version (DISC-R): I. Preparation, field testing, interrater reliability, and acceptability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 643–650. doi:10.1097/00004583-199305000-00023.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spoth, R., Redmond, C., & Shinn, C. (2001). Randomized trial of brief family interventions for general populations: Adolescent substance use outcomes 4 years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 627–642. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanwood, G., & Levitt, P. (2004). Drug exposure early in life: Functional repercussions of changing neuropharmacology during sensitive periods of brain development. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 4, 65–71. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2003.09.003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhausen, H., Metzke, C., & Spohr, H. (2003). Behavioural phenotype in foetal alcohol syndrome and foetal alcohol effects. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 45, 179–182. doi:10.1017/S0012162203000343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. (2007). Offspring effects of prenatal alcohol exposure from birth to 25 years: The Seattle prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 81–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A., Bookstein, F., Barr, H., Sampson, P., O’Malley, K., & Young, J. (2004). Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25, 228–238. doi:10.1097/00004703-200408000-00002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R., Kirisci, L., Mezzich, A., Cornelius, J., Pajer, K., Vanyukov, M., et al. (2003). Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age at onset of substance use disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1078–1085. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1078.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thapar, A., Fowler, T., Rice, F., Scourfield, J., Van Den Bree, M., Thomas, H., et al. (2003). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1985–1989. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urban Indian Health Institute. (2006). Fact sheet: Maternal and child health disparities. UIHI, 2006.

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Regional differences in Indian health 1998–1999. Washington D.C.: US DHHS, Indian Health Service, Office of Public Health, Division of Community and Environmental Health, Program Statistics Team.

  • Wakshlag, L., Pickett, K., Cook, E., Benowitz, N., & Leventhal, B. (2002). Maternal smoking behavior during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: A review. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 966–974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, D., & Leventhal, J. (1993). Maltreatment of children born to cocaine abusing mothers. Journal of Diseases of Children, 147, 1324–1328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J., & Ross, L. (2007). Consequences of prenatal toxin exposure for mental health in children and adolescence: A systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 243–253. doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0596-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA13580) and the National Institute of Mental Health (MH67281).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 739 Oldfather Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0324, USA

    Les B. Whitbeck & Devan M. Crawford

Authors
  1. Les B. Whitbeck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Devan M. Crawford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Les B. Whitbeck.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Whitbeck, L.B., Crawford, D.M. Gestational Risks and Psychiatric Disorders Among Indigenous Adolescents. Community Ment Health J 45, 62–72 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-008-9172-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-008-9172-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation