Skip to main content

Mental Health of Immigrants and Refugees

Community Mental Health Journal volume 41, pages 581–597 (2005)Cite this article

Abstract

The United States is a country of immigrants. With the exception of Native-Americans, every other American is, or descends from, an immigrant. First and second generation immigrant children are the most rapidly growing segment of the American population, with the great majority of this population being of non-European origin. This paper reviews the unique risk factors and mental health needs of our new immigrant populations, as well as treatment and services approaches to address their unique needs.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

  • W. Arroyo S. Eth (1985) Children traumatized by Central American warfare S. Eth R. Pynoos (Eds) Post-traumatic stress disorder in children American Psychiatric Press Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Almqvist A. Broberg (1999) ArticleTitleMental health and social adjustment in young refugee children 3 1/2 years after their arrival in Sweden Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38 IssueID6 723–730 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00004583-199906000-00019 Occurrence Handle10361791

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. F. Becker S. M. Weine D. Vojvoda (1999) ArticleTitlePTSD symptoms in adolescent survivors of “ethnic cleansing’’: results from a one-year follow-up study Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38 775–781 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00004583-199906000-00026 Occurrence Handle10361798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Beiser F. Hou I. Hyman M. Tousignant (2002) ArticleTitlePoverty, family process, and the mental health of immigrant children in Canada American Journal of Public Health 92 IssueID2 220–227 Occurrence Handle11818295

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Berthold (1999) ArticleTitleThe effects of exposure to community violence on Khmer refugee adolescents Journal of Traumatic Stress 12 IssueID3 455–471 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1024715003442 Occurrence Handle10467555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. A. Black K. S. Markides T. Q. Miller (1998) ArticleTitleCorrelates of depressive symptomatology among older community-dwelling Mexican Americans: The Hispanic EPESE The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 53 IssueID4 S198–S208

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Canino J. Spurlock (1994) Culturally diverse children and adolescents: Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment Guilford Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • B. L. Casado P. Leung (2001) ArticleTitleMigratory grief and depression among elderly Chinese American immigrants Journal of Gerontological Social Work 36 IssueID1–2 5–26 Occurrence Handle10.1300/J083v36n01_02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Chow K. Jaffee D. Choi (1999) ArticleTitleUse of public mental health services by Russian refugees Psychiatric Services 50 IssueID7 936–40 Occurrence Handle10402615

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Davis (2000) ArticleTitleRefugee experiences and Southeast Asian women’s mental health Western Journal of Nursing Research 22 IssueID2 144–162 Occurrence Handle10.1177/01939450022044331 Occurrence Handle10743408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P. Dossa (2002) ArticleTitleNarrative mediation of conventional and new “mental health’’ paradigms: Reading the stories of immigrant Iranian women Medical Anthropology Quarterly 16 IssueID3 341–359 Occurrence Handle10.1525/maq.2002.16.3.341 Occurrence Handle12227260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. Escobar C. Nervi M. Gara (2000) ArticleTitleImmigration and mental health: Mexican Americans in the United States Harvard Review of Psychiatry 8 IssueID2 64–72 Occurrence Handle10.1093/hrp/8.2.64 Occurrence Handle10902095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Fazel A. Stein (2002) ArticleTitleThe mental health of refugee children Archives of Disease in Childhood 87 IssueID5 366–370 Occurrence Handle10.1136/adc.87.5.366 Occurrence Handle12390902

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H. Fenta I. Hyman S. Noh (2004) ArticleTitleDeterminants of depression among Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192 IssueID5 363–372 Occurrence Handle10.1097/01.nmd.0000126729.08179.07 Occurrence Handle15126891

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B. Finch B. Kolody W. Vega (2000) ArticleTitlePerceived discrimination and depression among Mexican-origin adults in Calif Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41 IssueID3 295–313 Occurrence Handle11011506

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P. Fox K. Burns J. Popovich M. Ilg (2001) ArticleTitleDepression among immigrant Mexican women and Southeast Asian refugee women in the U.S The International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research 7 IssueID1 778–792 Occurrence Handle11866030

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P. Fox K. Burns J. Popovich R. Belknap M. Frank-Stromborg (2004) ArticleTitleSoutheast Asian refugee children: Self-esteem as a predictor of depression and scholastic achievement in the U.S The International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research 9 IssueID2 1063–1072 Occurrence Handle14964046

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G. J. Grenier L. Perez (1996) Miami spice: The ethnic cauldron simmers S. Pedraza R. Rumbaut (Eds) Origins and destinies: immigration, race and ethinicity in America Wadsworth Publishing Company Belmont, Calif

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Guarnaccia S. Lopez (1998) ArticleTitleMental health and adjustment of immigrant and refugee children Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 7 IssueID3 537–553 Occurrence Handle9894054

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Hermansson T. Timpka M. Thyberg (2003) ArticleTitleThe long-term impact of torture on the mental health of war-wounded refugees: Findings and implications for nursing programmes Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 17 IssueID4 317–324 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.0283-9318.2003.00241.x Occurrence Handle14629633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. Helsel M. Mochel (2002) ArticleTitleAfterbirths in the afterlife: Cultural meaning of placental disposal in a Hmong American community Journal of Transcultural Nursing 13 IssueID4 282–286 Occurrence Handle12325242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Hermansson T. Timpka M. Thyberg (2002) ArticleTitleThe mental health of war-wounded refugees: An 8-year follow-up The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190 IssueID6 374–380 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005053-200206000-00005 Occurrence Handle12080207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Holman R. Silver H. Waitzkin (2000) ArticleTitleTraumatic life events in primary care patients: A’study in an ethnically diverse sample Archives of Family Medicine 9 IssueID9 802–810 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archfami.9.9.802 Occurrence Handle11031385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Hsu (1999) ArticleTitleSomatisation among Asian refugees and immigrants as a culturally-shaped illness behaviour Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 28 IssueID6 841–845

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Hsu C. Davies D. Hansen (2004) ArticleTitleUnderstanding mental health needs of Southeast Asian refugees: Historical, cultural, and contextual challenges Clinical psychology review 24 IssueID2 193–213 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.cpr.2003.10.003 Occurrence Handle15081516

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. C. Hughes (1993) Culture in clinical psychiatry A. C. Gaw (Eds) Culture ethnicity and mental illness American Psychiatric Press Washington, D.C. 3–42

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kataoka B. Stein L. Jaycox M. Wong P. Escudero We Tu C. Zaragoza A. Fink (2003) ArticleTitleA school-based mental health program for traumatized Latino immigrant children Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42 IssueID3 311–318 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00004583-200303000-00011 Occurrence Handle12595784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kennedy D. Seymour B. Hummel (1999) ArticleTitleA comprehensive refugee health screening program Public Health Reports 114 IssueID5 469–477 Occurrence Handle10.1093/phr/114.5.469 Occurrence Handle10590769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Keyes (2000) ArticleTitleMental health status in refugees: An integrative review of current research Issues in Mental Health Nursing 21 IssueID4 397–410 Occurrence Handle10.1080/016128400248013 Occurrence Handle11249358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. D. Kinzie W. Sack R. Angell et al. (1986) ArticleTitleThe psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: I. the children Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 25 307–376

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Kirmayer D. Groleau J. Guzder C. Blake E. Jarvis (2003) ArticleTitleCultural consultation: A’model of mental health service for multicultural societies Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48 IssueID3 145–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Landale, N. S. & Oropesa, R. S. (1995). Immigrant children and the children of immigrants: Inter and intra-ethnic group differences in the United States. Population research group (PRG) research paper. East Lansing, Michigan: Institute for Public Policy and Social Research

  • M. S. Lee K. S. Crittenden E. Yu (1996) ArticleTitleSocial support and depression among elderly Korean immigrants in the United States International Journal of Aging & Human Development 42 IssueID4 313–327

    Google Scholar 

  • K. M. Lin M. Masuda L. Tazuma (1982) ArticleTitleAdaptational problems of Vietnamese refugees. III: Case studies in clinic and field-adaptive and maladaptive Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 7 173–183 Occurrence Handle6758004

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K. M. Lin (2004) ArticleTitleVirtuous transcendence: holistic self-cultivation and self-healing in elderly Korean Immigrants Transcultural Psychiatry 41 IssueID2 296–298

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Maddern (2004) ArticleTitlePost-traumatic stress disorder in asylum seekers Nursing Standard 18 IssueID18 36–39

    Google Scholar 

  • R. McKelvey D. Sang L. Baldassar L. Davies L. Roberts N. Cutler (2002) ArticleTitleThe prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Vietnamese children and adolescents The Medical Journal of Australia 177 IssueID8 413–417 Occurrence Handle12381249

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Miller A. J. Pumariega (2001) ArticleTitleEating disorders: A historical and cross-cultural review Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 64 IssueID2 93–110 Occurrence Handle10.1521/psyc.64.2.93.18621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. F. Mollica C. Poole L. Son (1997) ArticleTitleEffects of war trauma on Cambodian refugee adolescents’ functional and mental health status Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 1098–1106 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00004583-199708000-00017 Occurrence Handle9256589

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Mollica N. Sarajlic M. Chernoff J. Lavelle I. Vukovic M. Massagli (2001) ArticleTitleLongitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms, disability, mortality, and emigration among Bosnian refugees Journal of the American Medical Association 286 IssueID5 546–554 Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.286.5.546 Occurrence Handle11476656

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Mollica X. Cui K. McInnes M. Massagli (2002) ArticleTitleScience-based policy for psychosocial interventions in refugee camps: A Cambodian example The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190 IssueID3 158–166 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005053-200203000-00004 Occurrence Handle11923650

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Morris (1999) ArticleTitleFemale genital mutilation: Perspectives, risks, and complications Urologic Nursing 19 IssueID1 13–19 Occurrence Handle10373987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. C. Mui (1996) ArticleTitleDepression among elderly Chinese immigrants: An exploratory study Social Work 41 IssueID6 633–645 Occurrence Handle8900083

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. C. Mui S. Y. Kang L. M. Chen M. D. Domanski (2003) ArticleTitleReliability of the Geriatric Depression Scale for use among elderly Asian immigrants in the USA Int Psychogeriatr 15 IssueID3 253–271 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S1041610203009517 Occurrence Handle14756161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G. Orfield J. T. Yun (1999) Resegregation in American schools Civil Rights Project, Harvard University Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Palinkas S. Pickwell K. Brandstein T. Clark L. Hill R. Moser A. Osman (2003) ArticleTitleThe journey to wellness: Stages of refugee health promotion and disease prevention Journal of Immigrant Health 5 IssueID1 19–28 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1021048112073 Occurrence Handle14512755

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K. Y. C. Pang (1996) ArticleTitleSelf-care strategy of elderly Korean immigrants in the Washington DC metropolitan area Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology 11 IssueID3 229–254 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00122703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Y. C. Pang (2000) ArticleTitleSymptom expression and somatization among elderly Korean immigrants Journal of Clinical Geropsychology 6 IssueID3 199–212 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1009541200013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Petry C. Armentano T. Kuoch T. Norinth L. Smith (2003) ArticleTitleGambling participation and problems among South East Asian refugees to the United States Psychiatric Services 54 IssueID8 1142–1148 Occurrence Handle10.1176/appi.ps.54.8.1142 Occurrence Handle12883143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G. Perez-Firmat (1994) Life on the hyphen: The Cuban-American way University of Texas Press Austin

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Phan (2000) ArticleTitleInvestigating the use of services for Vietnamese with mental illness Journal of Community Health 25 IssueID5 411–425 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1005184002101 Occurrence Handle10982014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T. B. Pham R. Harris (2001) ArticleTitleAcculturation strategies among Vietnamese-Americans International Journal of Intercultural Relations 25 IssueID3 279–300 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00004-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. W. Porter (1971) Black child, white child: The development of racial attitudes Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Pumariega S. Glover C. Holzer N. Nguyen (1998) ArticleTitleUtilization of mental health services in a tri-ethnic sample of adolescents Community Mental Health Journal 34 IssueID2 145–156 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1018788901831 Occurrence Handle9620159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pumariega J. W. Swanson C. Holzer A. O. Linskey R. Quintero-Salinas (1992) ArticleTitleCultural context and substance abuse in Hispanic adolescents Journal of Child and Family Studies 1 IssueID1 75–92 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01321343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. J. Pumariega (2003) Cultural competence in systems of care for children’s mental health A.’J. Pumariega N. C. Winters (Eds) Handbook of community systems of care; the new child & adolescent community psychiatry Jossey Bass Publishers San Francisco 82–106

    Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Pumariega N.C. Winters C. Huffine (2003) ArticleTitleThe evolution of systems of care for children’s mental health: Forty years of community child and adolescent psychiatry Community Mental Health Journal 39 IssueID5 399–425 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1025808902438 Occurrence Handle14635984

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L. H. Rogler R. G. Malgady O. Rodriguez (1989) Hispanics and mental health: A framework for research Krieger Publishing Malabar, Fla

    Google Scholar 

  • L. H. Rogler D. E. Cortes R. G. Malgady (1991) ArticleTitleAcculturation and mental health stauts among Hispanics The American Psychologist 46 IssueID6 585–597 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0003-066X.46.6.585 Occurrence Handle1952420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. M. Rothe H. Castillo-Matos J. Lewis et al. (1998) ArticleTitleSintomatologia post-traumatica en ninos y adolescents balseros cubanos: una synopsis de tres estudios Psiquiatria 10 IssueID1 18–28

    Google Scholar 

  • E. M. Rothe H. Castillo-Matos R. Busquets (2002) ArticleTitlePosttraumatic symptomatology in Cuban adolescent refugees during camp confinement Adolescent Psychiatry 26 97–124

    Google Scholar 

  • E. M. Rothe J. Lewis H. Castillo-Matos O. Martinez R. Busquets I. Martinez (2002) ArticleTitlePost traumatic stress disorder in Cuban children and adolescents after release from a refugee camp Psychiatric Services 53 IssueID8 970–976 Occurrence Handle10.1176/appi.ps.53.8.970 Occurrence Handle12161671

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WH Sack (1998) ArticleTitleMultiple forms of stress in refugee and immigrant children Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 7 153–167 Occurrence Handle9894085

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Shor (1999) ArticleTitleBeyond a cross-cultural definition of child maltreatment: Comparing immigrants from the Caucasus and European countries of the former Soviet Union International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 7 IssueID4 297–315

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Silove Z. Steel P. McGorry V. Miles J. Drobny (2002) ArticleTitleThe impact of torture on post-traumatic stress symptoms in war-affected Tamil refugees and immigrants Comprehensive Psychiatry 43 IssueID1 49–55 Occurrence Handle10.1053/comp.2002.29843 Occurrence Handle11788919

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L. Simich M. Beiser F. Mawani (2003) ArticleTitleSocial support and the significance of shared experience in refugee migration and resettlement Western Journal of Nursing Research 25 IssueID7 872–891 Occurrence Handle10.1177/0193945903256705 Occurrence Handle14596184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Steel D. Silove (2001) ArticleTitleThe mental health implications of detaining asylum seekers The Medical Journal of Australia 175 IssueID11–12 596–599 Occurrence Handle11837855

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L. Steele L. Lemieux-Charles J. Clark R. H. Glazier (2002) ArticleTitleThe impact of policy changes on the health of recent immigrants and refugees in the inner city. A qualitative study of service providers’ perspectives Canadian Journal of Public Health 93 IssueID2 118–122

    Google Scholar 

  • S. C. Stokes L. W. Thompson S. Murphy D. Gallager-Thompson (2001) ArticleTitleScreening for depression in immigrant Chinese–American elders: Results of a pilot study Journal of Gerontological Social Work 36 IssueID1–2 27–44 Occurrence Handle10.1300/J083v36n01_03

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Strumpf A. Glicksman R. Goldberg-Glen R. Fox E. Logue (2001) ArticleTitleCaregiver and elder experiences of Cambodian, Vietnamese, Soviet Jewish, and Ukrainian refugees International Journal of Aging & Human Development 53 IssueID3 233–252

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Suarez-Orozco M. M. Suarez-Orozco (2001) Children and immigration Harvard University Press Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Szapocnik D. Ladner M. Scopetta (1979) Youth, drug abuse and subjective distress in the Hispanic population L. Beschsner L. Friedman (Eds) Youth and drug abuse Lexington Books Lexington, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Szapocnik Kurtines T. Fernandez (1980) ArticleTitleBicultural involvement and adjustment in Hispanic-American youth International Journal of Intercultural Relations 4 353–365 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0147-1767(80)90010-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Szapocnik W. Kurtines (1980) Acculturation, biculturalism and adjustment in Cuban Americans A. M. Padilla (Eds) Acculturation: theory, models and some findings Westview Press Boulder, Col

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Szapocznik W. Kurtines (1989) Breakthroughs in family therapy with drug abusing and problem youth Springer New York

    Google Scholar 

  • T. V. Tran G. Khatutsky K. Aroian A. Balsam K. Conway (2000) ArticleTitleLiving arrangements, depression, and health status among elderly Russian-speaking immigrants Journal of Gerontological Social Work 33 IssueID2 63–77 Occurrence Handle10.1300/J083v33n02_05

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations High Commission on Refugees: World Refugee Statistics 2000, http://www.mfa.by/eng/org.htm

  • U.S. Census, Population reports 2000. http://www.census.gov. /population/index.htlm

  • U.S. Office of the Surgeon General, Mental health: culture, race, and ethnicity. A supplement to: Mental health: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 2001

  • W. A. Vega R. Hough A. Romero (1983) Family patterns of Mexican-Americans G. J. Powell (Eds) The psychosocial development of minority children Brunner-Mazel New York

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Vega B. Kolody S. Aguilar-Gaxiola R. Catalano (1999) ArticleTitleGaps in service utilization by Mexican Americans with mental health problems American Journal of Psychiatry 156 IssueID6 928–934 Occurrence Handle10360134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. Vigil (1988) Barrio gangs: Street life and identity in Southern California University of Texas Press Austin, Texas

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Watters (2001) ArticleTitleEmerging paradigms in the mental health care of refugees Social Science and Medicine 52 IssueID11 1709–1718 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00284-7 Occurrence Handle11327142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Weine D. F. Becker T. H. McGlashan et al. (1995) ArticleTitleAdolescent survivors of “ethnic cleaning:’’ observations on the first year in America Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 1153–1159 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00004583-199509000-00012 Occurrence Handle7559309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Weine L. Razzano N. Brkic A. Ramic K. Miller A. Smajkic Z. Bijedic E. Boskailo R. Mermelstein I. Pavkovic (2000) ArticleTitleProfiling the trauma related symptoms of Bosnian refugees who have not sought mental health services The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 188 IssueID7 416–421 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005053-200007000-00004 Occurrence Handle10919699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. Yeh (2003) ArticleTitleAge, acculturation, cultural adjustment, and mental health symptoms of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese immigrant youths Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 9 IssueID1 34–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Y-W. Ying (2001) ArticleTitlePsychotherapy with traumatized Southeast Asian refugees Clinical Social Work Journal 29 65–78 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1005210628134

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Box 70567, Johnson City, TN, 37614, Tennessee

    Andrés J. Pumariega M.D.

  2. Child & Adolescent Outpatient Services, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

    Eugenio Rothe M.D.

  3. Faculty in Mathematics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee

    JoAnne B. Pumariega M.A.

Authors
  1. Andrés J. Pumariega M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eugenio Rothe M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. JoAnne B. Pumariega M.A.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrés J. Pumariega M.D..

Additional information

James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pumariega, A.J., Rothe, E. & Pumariega, J.B. Mental Health of Immigrants and Refugees. Community Ment Health J 41, 581–597 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1

Keywords

  • Public Health
  • Mental Health
  • Great Majority
  • American Population
  • Immigrant Population