Abstract
We propose a two-stage preconditioner for accelerating the iterative solution by a Krylov subspace method of Biot’s poroelasticity equations based on a displacement-pressure formulation. The spatial discretization combines a finite element method for mechanics and a finite volume approach for flow. The fully implicit backward Euler scheme is used for time integration. The result is a 2 × 2 block linear system for each timestep. The preconditioning operator is obtained by applying a two-stage scheme. The first stage is a global preconditioner that employs multiscale basis functions to construct coarse-scale coupled systems using a Galerkin projection. This global stage is effective at damping low-frequency error modes associated with long-range coupling of the unknowns. The second stage is a local block-triangular smoothing preconditioner, which is aimed at high-frequency error modes associated with short-range coupling of the variables. Various numerical experiments are used to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed solver.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler, J.H., Gaspar, F.J., Hu, X., Rodrigo, C., Zikatanov, L.T.: Robust block preconditioners for Biot’s model. In: Bjøstad, P.E. , Brenner, S., Halpern, L., Kornhuber, R., Kim, H.H., Rahman, T., Widlund, O.B. (eds.) Domain Decomposition Methods in Science and Engineering XXIV. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93873-8 (2018)
Akkutlu, I.Y., Efendiev, Y., Vasilyeva, M., Wang, Y.: Multiscale model reduction for shale gas transport in poroelastic fractured media. J. Comput. Phys. 353, 356–376 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2017.10.023
Aziz, K., Settari, A.: Petroleum Reservoir Simulation. Elsevier applied science publishers, London (1979)
Bause, M., Radu, F.A., Köcher, U.: Space–time finite element approximation of the Biot poroelasticity system with iterative coupling. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 320, 745–768 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2017.03.017
Benzi, M.: Preconditioning techniques for large linear systems: a survey. J. Comput. Phys. 182(2), 418–477 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.2002.7176
Benzi, M., Golub, G.H., Liesen, J.: Numerical solution of saddle point problems. Acta Numer. 14, 1–137 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962492904000212
Bergamaschi, L., Ferronato, M., Gambolati, G.: Novel preconditioners for the iterative solution to FE-discretized coupled consolidation equations. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 196(25–28), 2647–2656 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2007.01.013
Bergamaschi, L., Martínez, Á.: RMCP: relaxed mixed constraint preconditioners for saddle point linear systems arising in geomechanics. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 221-222, 54–62 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2012.02.004
Both, J.W., Borregales, M., Nordbotten, J.M., Kumar, K., Radu, F.A.: Robust fixed stress splitting for Biot’s equations in heterogeneous media. Appl. Math. Lett. 68, 101–108 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2016.12.019
Both, J.W., Kumar, K., Nordbotten, J.M., Radu, F.A.: Anderson accelerated fixed-stress splitting schemes for consolidation of unsaturated porous media. Comput. Math. Appl. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2018.07.033
Bramble, J.H., Pasciak, J.E.: A preconditioning technique for indefinite systems resulting from mixed approximations of elliptic problems. Math. Comput. 50(181), 1–17 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1988-0917816-8
Brown, D.L., Vasilyeva, M.: A generalized multiscale finite element method for poroelasticity problems I: Linear problems. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 294, 372–388 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2015.08.007
Brown, D.L., Vasilyeva, M.: A generalized multiscale finite element method for poroelasticity problems II: Nonlinear coupling. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 297, 132–146 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2015.11.007
Buck, M., Iliev, O., Andrä, H.: Multiscale finite element coarse spaces for the application to linear elasticity. Cent. Eur. J. Math. 11(4), 680–701 (2013). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11533-012-0166-8
Buck, M., Iliev, O., Andrä, H.: Domain Decomposition Methods in Science and Engineering XXI, pp. 237–245. Springer International Publishing. In: Erhel, J. , Gander, J.M. , Halpern, L. , Pichot, G. , Sassi, T. , Widlund, O. (eds.) . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05789-7_20 (2014)
Cao, H., Tchelepi, H.A., Wallis, J., Yardumian, H.: Parallel scalable unstructured CPR-type linear solver for reservoir simulation. In: Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. https://doi.org/10.2118/173226-MS (2005)
Castelletto, N., Ferronato, M., Gambolati, G.: Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of fluid geological storage by Godunov-mixed methods. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 90(8), 988–1009 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.3352
Castelletto, N., Hajibeygi, H., Tchelepi, H.: Hybrid multiscale formulation for coupled flow and geomechanics. In: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery (ECMOR XV). EAGE. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201601888 (2016)
Castelletto, N., Hajibeygi, H., Tchelepi, H.: Multiscale finite-element method for linear elastic geomechanics. J. Comput. Phys. 331, 337–356 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2016.11.044
Castelletto, N., White, J.A., Ferronato, M.: Scalable algorithms for three-field mixed finite element coupled poromechanics. J. Comput. Phys. 327, 894–918 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2016.09.063
Castelletto, N., White, J.A., Tchelepi, H.A.: Accuracy and convergence properties of the fixed-stress iterative solution of two-way coupled poromechanics. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 39(14), 1593–1618 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2400
Christie, M., Blunt, M.: Tenth SPE comparative solution project: a comparison of upscaling techniques. SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 4(4), 308–316 (2001). https://doi.org/10.2118/72469-PA
Coussy, O.: Poromechanics. Wiley, Chichester (2004)
Cusini, M., Fryer, B., van Kruijsdijk, C., Hajibeygi, H.: Algebraic dynamic multilevel method for compositional flow in heterogeneous porous media. J. Comput. Phys. 354, 593–612 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2017.10.052
Cusini, M., Lukyanov, A.A., Natvig, J., Hajibeygi, H.: Constrained pressure residual multiscale (CPR-MS) method for fully implicit simulation of multiphase flow in porous media. J. Comput. Phys. 299, 472–486 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2015.07.019
Dana, S., Ganis, B., Wheeler, M.F.: A multiscale fixed stress split iterative scheme for coupled flow and poromechanics in deep subsurface reservoirs. J. Comput. Phys. 352, 1–22 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2017.09.049
Di Pietro, D.A., Eymard, R., Lemaire, S., Masson, R.: Hybrid finite volume discretization of linear elasticity models on general meshes. In: Fořt, J., et al. (eds.) Finite Volumes for Complex Applications VI – Problems & Perspectives, pp 331–339. Springer, Berlin (2011)
Droniou, J.: Finite volume schemes for diffusion equations: introduction to and review of modern methods. Math. Models Meth. Appl. Sci. 24(8), 1575–1619 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218202514400041
Efendiev, Y., Hou, T.Y.: Multiscale Finite Element Methods: Theory and Applications. Springer, New York (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09496-0
Eymard, R., Gallouët, T., Guichard, C., Herbin, R., Masson, R.: TP Or not TP, that is the question. Comput. Geosci. 18(3), 285–296 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-013-9392-9
Eymard, R., Gallouët, T., Herbin, R.: Finite volume methods. In: Ciarlet, P.G. , Lions, J.L. (eds.) Handbook of Numerical Analysis, vol. 7, pp. 713–1018. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-8659(00)07005-8 (2000)
Ferronato, M., Castelletto, N., Gambolati, G.: A fully coupled 3-D mixed finite element model of Biot consolidation. J. Comput. Phys. 229(12), 4813–4830 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2010.03.018
Frijns, A.J.H.: A Four-Component Mixture Theory Applied to Cartilaginous Tissues: Numerical Modelling and Experiments. Phd Thesis. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, The Netherlands (2000)
Gai, X., Sun, S., Wheeler, M.F., Klie, H.: A time-stepping scheme for coupled reservoir flow and geomechanics. In: Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. https://doi.org/10.2118/97054-MS (2005)
Gaspar, F.J., Lisbona, F.J., Oosterlee, C.W., Wienands, R.: A systematic comparison of coupled and distributive smoothing in multigrid for the poroelasticity system. Numer. Linear Algebr. Appl. 11(2-3), 93–113 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/nla.372
Gaspar, F.J., Rodrigo, C.: On the fixed-stress split scheme as smoother in multigrid methods for coupling flow and geomechanics. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 326, 526–540 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2017.08.025
Haga, J.B., Osnes, H., Langtangen, H.P.: A parallel block preconditioner for large-scale poroelasticity with highly heterogeneous material parameters. Comput. Geosci. 16(3), 723–734 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-012-9284-4
Haga, J.B., Osnes, H., Langtangen, H.P.: On the causes of pressure oscillations in low-permeable and low-compressible porous media. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 36 (12), 1507–1522 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1062
Hajibeygi, H., Bonfigli, G., Hesse, M.A., Jenny, P.: Iterative multiscale finite-volume method. J. Comput. Phys. 227(19), 8604–8621 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2008.06.013
Helmig, R., Niessner, J., Flemisch, B., Wolff, M., Fritz, J.: Efficient modeling of flow and transport in porous media using multiphysics and multiscale approaches. In: Freeden, W., Nashed, M.Z., Sonar, T. (eds.) Handbook of Geomathematics, pp 417–457. Springer, Berlin (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01546-5_15
Hou, T.Y., Wu, X.H.: A multiscale finite element method for elliptic problems in composite materials and porous media. J. Comput. Phys. 134(1), 169–189 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1997.5682
Hu, X., Rodrigo, C., Gaspar, F.J., Zikatanov, L.T.: A nonconforming finite element method for the Biot’s consolidation model in poroelasticity. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 310, 143–154 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2016.06.003
Hughes, T.J.R.: The finite element method: linear static and dynamic finite element analysis dover publications (2000)
Jenny, P., Lee, S.H., Tchelepi, H.A.: Multi-scale finite-volume method for elliptic problems in subsurface flow simulation. J. Comput. Phys. 187(1), 47–67 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9991(03)00075-5
Jenny, P., Lee, S.H., Tchelepi, H.A.: Adaptive fully implicit multi-scale finite-volume method for multi-phase flow and transport in heterogeneous porous media. J. Comput. Phys. 217(2), 627–641 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2006.01.028
Jha, B., Juanes, R.: A locally conservative finite element framework for the simulation of coupled flow and reservoir geomechanics. Acta Geotech. 2(3), 139–153 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-007-0033-0
Jha, B., Juanes, R.: Coupled multiphase flow and poromechanics: a computational model of pore pressure effects on fault slip and earthquake triggering. Water Resour. Res. 5, 3776–3808 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015175
Kalchev, D.Z., Lee, C.S., Villa, U., Efendiev, Y., Vassilevski, P.S.: Upscaling of mixed finite element discretization problems by the spectral AMGe method. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 38(5), A2912–A2933 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1137/15M1036683
Keilegavlen, E., Nordbotten, J.M.: Finite volume methods for elasticity with weak symmetry. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 112, 939–962 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.5538
Kim, J., Tchelepi, H.A., Juanes, R.: Stability, accuracy and efficiency of sequential methods for coupled flow and geomechanics. SPE J. 16(2), 249–262 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2118/119084-PA
Kim, J., Tchelepi, H.A., Juanes, R.: Stability and convergence of sequential methods for coupled flow and geomechanics: fixed-stress and fixed-strain splits. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 200(13), 1591–1606 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2010.12.022
Klevtsov, S., Castelletto, N., White, J., Tchelepi, H.: Block-preconditioned krylov methods for coupled multiphase reservoir flow and geomechanics. In: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery (ECMOR XV). EAGE. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201601900 (2016)
Kozlova, A., Li, Z., Natvig, J.R., Watanabe, S., Zhou, Y., Bratvedt, K., Lee, S.H.: A real-field multiscale black-oil reservoir simulator. In: SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers. https://doi.org/10.2118/173226-MS (2015)
Lee, J.J., Mardal, K.A., Winther, R.: Parameter-robust discretization and preconditioning of Biot’s consolidation model. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 39(1), A1–A24 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1137/15M1029473
Lewis, R.W., Schrefler, B.A.: The Finite Element Method in the Static and Dynamic Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester (1998)
Lie, K., Møyner, O., Natvig, J.R.: Use of multiple multiscale operators to accelerate simulation of complex geomodels. SPE J. 22(6), 1929–1945 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2118/182701-PA
Lie, K., Møyner, O., Natvig, J.R., Kozlova, A., Bratvedt, K., Watanabe, S., Li, Z.: Successful application of multiscale methods in a real reservoir simulator environment. In: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery (ECMOR XV). EAGE. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201601893 (2016)
Lipnikov, K.: Numerical Methods for the Biot Model in Poroelasticity. Phd Thesis. University of Houston, USA (2002)
Lunati, I., Tyagi, M., Lee, S.H.: An iterative multiscale finite volume algorithm converging to the exact solution. J. Comput. Phys. 230(5), 1849–1864 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2013.11.024
Luo, P., Rodrigo, C., Gaspar, F.J., Oosterlee, C.W.: Multigrid method for nonlinear poroelasticity equations. Comput. Visual Sci. 17(5), 255–265 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00791-016-0260-8
Luo, P., Rodrigo, C., Gaspar, F.J., Oosterlee, C.W.: On an Uzawa smoother in multigrid for poroelasticity equations. Numer. Linear Algebr. Appl. 24(1), e2074 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/nla.2074
Meijerink, J.A., van der Vorst, H.A.: An iterative solution method for linear systems of which the coefficient matrix is a symmetric M-matrix. Math. Comput. 31(137), 148–162 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1977-0438681-4
Mikelić, A., Wheeler, M.F.: Convergence of iterative coupling for coupled flow and geomechanics. Comput. Geosci. 17(3), 455–461 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-012-9318-y
Møyner, O., Lie, K.: A multiscale restriction-smoothed basis method for high contrast porous media represented on unstructured grids. J. Comput. Phys. 304, 46–71 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2015.10.010
Murad, M.A., Loula, A.F.D.: On stability and convergence of finite element approximations of Biot’s consolidation problem. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 37(4), 645–667 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620370407
Nordbotten, J.M.: Cell-centered finite volume discretizations for deformable porous media. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 100(6), 399–418 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.4734
Nordbotten, J.M.: Stable cell-centered finite volume discretization for Biot equations. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 54(6), 942–968 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1137/15M1014280
Nordbotten, J.M., Bjøstad, P.E.: On the relationship between the multiscale finit volume method and domain decomposition preconditioners. Comput. Geosci. 13(3), 367–376 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-007-9066-6
Pasetto, D., Ferronato, M., Putti, M.: A reduced order model-based preconditioner for the efficient solution of transient diffusion equations. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 109(8), 1159–1179 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.5320
Phillips, P.J., Wheeler, M.F.: A coupling of mixed and continuous Galerkin finite element methods for poroelasticity I: The continuous in time case. Comput. Geosci. 11(2), 131–144 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-007-9045-y
Phillips, P.J., Wheeler, M.F.: A coupling of mixed and continuous Galerkin finite element methods for poroelasticity II: The discrete-in-time case. Comput. Geosci. 11(2), 145–158 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-007-9044-z
Prevost, J.H.: Two-way coupling in reservoir–geomechanical models: vertex-centered Galerkin geomechanical model cell-centered and vertex-centered finite volume reservoir models. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 98(2), 612–624 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.4657
Rodrigo, C., Gaspar, F., Hu, X., Zikatanov, L.: Stability and monotonicity for some discretizations of the Biot’s consolidation model. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 298, 183–204 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2015.09.019
Rodrigo, C., Hu, X., Ohm, P., Adler, J.H., Gaspar, F.J., Zikatanov, L.: New stabilized discretizations for poroelasticity and the Stokes’ equations. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 341, 467–484 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2018.07.003
Saad, Y.: Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, 2nd edn. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia (2003). https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898718003
Saad, Y., Schultz, M.H.: GMRES: a generalized minimal residual algorithm for solving nonsymmetric linear systems. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 7(3), 856–869 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1137/0907058
Schneider, M., Flemisch, B., Helmig, R., Terekhov, K., Tchelepi, H.A.: Monotone nonlinear finite-volume method for challenging grids. Comput Geosci. 22(2), 565–586 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-017-9710-8
Settari, A., Mourits, F.M.: A coupled reservoir and geomechanical simulation system. SPE J. 3(3), 219–226 (1998). https://doi.org/10.2118/50939-PA
Spillane, N., Dolean, V., Hauret, P., Nataf, F., Pechstein, C., Scheichl, R.: Abstract robust coarse spaces for systems of PDEs via generalized eigenproblems in the overlaps. Numer. Math. 126(4), 741–770 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00211-013-0576-y
Ţene, M., Al Kobaisi, M.S., Hajibeygi, H.: Algebraic multiscale method for fractured porous media. J. Comput. Phys. 321, 819–845 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2016.06.012
Ţene, M., Wang, Y., Hajibeygi, H.: Algebraic multiscale method for fractured porous media. J. Comput. Phys. 300, 679–694 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2015.08.009
Terekhov, K.M., Mallison, B.T., Tchelepi, H.A.: Cell-centered nonlinear finite-volume methods for the heterogeneous anisotropic diffusion problem. J. Comput. Phys. 330, 245–267 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2016.11.010
Turan, E., Arbenz, P.: Large scale micro finite element analysis of 3D bone poroelasticity. Parallel Comput. 40(7), 239–250 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parco.2013.09.002
Wang, H.F.: Theory of Linear Poroelasticity. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2000)
Wang, Y., Hajibeygi, H., Tchelepi, H.A.: Algebraic multiscale solver for flow in heterogeneous porous media. J. Comput. Phys. 259, 284–303 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2013.11.024
Wang, Y., Hajibeygi, H., Tchelepi, H.A.: Monotone multiscale finite volume method. Comput. Geosci. 20, 509–524 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-015-9506-7
White, J.A., Borja, R.: Block-preconditioned Newton–Krylov solvers for fully coupled flow and geomechanics. Comput. Geosci. 15(4), 647–659 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-011-9233-7
White, J.A., Borja, R.I.: Stabilized low-order finite elements for coupled solid-deformation/fluid-diffusion and their application to fault zone transients. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 197(49–50), 4353–4366 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2008.05.015
White, J.A., Castelletto, N., Tchelepi, H.A.: Block-partitioned solvers for coupled poromechanics: a unified framework. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 303, 55–74 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2016.01.008
Yi, S.Y.: Convergence analysis of a new mixed finite element method for Biot’s consolidation model. Numer. Meth. Part. Differ. Equ. 30(4), 1189–1210 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/num.21865
Zhang, H.W., Fu, Z.D., Wu, J.K.: Coupling multiscale finite element method for consolidation analysis of heterogeneous saturated porous media. Adv. Water Resour. 32 (2), 268–279 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.11.002
Zhou, H., Tchelepi, H.A.: Two-stage algebraic multiscale linear solver for highly heterogeneous reservoir models. SPE J. 17(2), 523–539 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2118/141473-PA
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Andrea Franceschini for his insightful suggestions. Portions of this work were performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07 NA27344.
Funding
N. Castelletto, S. Klevtsov and H.A. Tchelepi gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Reservoir Simulation Industrial Affiliates Consortium at Stanford University (SUPRI-B) and Total S.A. through the Stanford Total Enhanced Modeling of Source rock (STEMS) project. H. Hajibeygi was sponsored by Schlumberger Petroleum Services CV, The Netherlands.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Castelletto, N., Klevtsov, S., Hajibeygi, H. et al. Multiscale two-stage solver for Biot’s poroelasticity equations in subsurface media. Comput Geosci 23, 207–224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-018-9791-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-018-9791-z