Abstract
In the present context of the ramping up of the global biodiversity crisis, improving our understanding on the genetic and biogeographic patterns of ill-known taxa is central to conservation planning. This is especially relevant for geographically isolated populations that suffer from little or no gene flow and an increased extinction risk. The few studies available on the molecular phylogeny and phylogeographic diversity of Frigatebirds have only focused on populations of three species, Fregata magnificens, F. andrewsi from Christmas Islands and F. minor in the Galapagos. To improve our knowledge on these tropical seabirds, our study aimed at assessing worldwide phylogeographic patterns and relationships among all five extant species of the genus Fregata. To accomplish it, we sampled museum specimens corresponding to 18 frigatebird populations spatially distributed by Brazil, Mexico, Ascension Islands, Cabo Verde and the Indo-Pacific region, and fresh samples from Cabo Verde, and amplified them for a mtDNA cytochrome b fragment. We complemented our dataset with previously available data representing a total of 36 populations in this study. Similar to the well-known endemic populations of the Galapagos and Christmas Island, the isolated ultraperipheral populations in the Atlantic were shown to be genetically divergent from their main populations for the three widespread species, F. magnificens, F. ariel and F. minor. We provide the first genetic data for F. ariel, whilst building upon the existing knowledge of the genetic patterns of F. magnificens, F. aquila and F. minor. Furthermore, our molecular data comes in support of most but not all the morphologically recognized frigatebird subspecies. This study provides important genetic insights into the evolutionary history of the genus Fregata and acts as a baseline for future molecular work and conservation efforts.
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Data availability
All the sequences obtained in the present study were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers ON939449-ON939544 (Table S1).
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Acknowledgements
We would also like to thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their time and contributions to the manuscript. We are grateful to the following museums and collection managers for providing samples: In Brazil—Museum of Zoology, University of São Paulo and Luís Fábio Silveira (Curator) and Mari Sakai; In Australia—Western Australian Museum (Australia) and Ron Johnstone (Curator), Rebecca Bray and Melissa Taylor; In the USA—Yale University, Peabody Museum of Natural History and Kristof Zyskowski; Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan and Janet Hinshaw; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and Kimball L. Garrett. We also thank: Pedro López Suárez and Sonia Rodríguez for providing fresh and frozen samples from Cabo Verde; P. López Suárez and Patric Lorgé for sharing recent Cabo Verde field data; Cornelis Hazevoet for the hints on museum specimens; and Roberto Muriel for checking the collections of the Doñana Biological Station (Spain) for frigatebird specimens. This work was co-funded by the project NORTE-01-0246-FEDER-000063, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). FMSM, RG and LP were supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), SFRH/BD/104703/2014, DL57/2016/CP1440/CT (SFRH/BPD/88496/2012) and DL57/2016/CP/CT (SFRH/BPD/93079/2013) respectively.
Funding
This work was co-funded by the project NORTE-01-0246-FEDER-000063, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). FMSM, RG and LP were supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), SFRH/BD/104703/2014, DL57/2016/CP1440/CT (SFRH/BPD/88496/2012) and DL57/2016/CP/CT (SFRH/BPD/93079/2013) respectively.
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FM: Conceptualisation (supporting); Data Curation (lead); Formal Analysis (equal); Methodology (lead); Investigation (equal); Resources (equal); Visualisation (lead); Writing—Original Draft Preparation (equal); Writing—Review & Editing (supporting). RG: Conceptualisation (equal); Formal Analysis (equal); Methodology (supporting); Resources (equal); Funding Acquisition (lead); Project Administration (lead); Supervision (lead); Validation (lead); Writing—Original Draft Preparation (supporting); Writing—Review & Editing (equal). LP: Conceptualisation (equal); Investigation (equal); Supervision (supporting); Validation (supporting); Writing—Original Draft Preparation (equal); Validation (supporting); Writing—Review & Editing (equal).
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Martins, F.M.S., Godinho, R. & Palma, L. Cores, edges and beyond: insights into the phylogeography of frigatebirds with a focus on ultraperipheral and endemic populations. Conserv Genet 23, 1011–1025 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01466-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01466-2