Abstract
Recent climatic conditions are affecting biodiversity, particularly those species highly isolated and at their distribution limits such as trout (Oncorhynchus sp.) inhabiting the Northern Sierra Madre Occidental (NSMO) in Mexico, which is a current conservation concern due to their fragmented distribution and anthropogenic threads. Here, we compiled previously published data from 24 microsatellite loci from multiple localities of trout throughout the NSMO to construct geographic genetic structuring hypotheses. Our results confirm two genetically distinct subgroups within the NSMO corresponding to the northern populations from Río Yaqui-Río Bavispe and Río Casas Grandes, and the southern population from Río Yaqui-Río Sirupa and Río Conchos. In addition, we found a strong genetic differentiation between most of the locations sampled. We assembled species distribution models (SDM) to estimate the current distribution of trout. The SDM show that suitable environmental conditions may exist between northern and southern populations but are highly fragmented. In addition, association analyzes between FST and environmental factors show that the minimum temperature of the coldest month, the precipitation of wettest month, and the compound topographic index were responsible for the genetic structure. These results along with the limited mobility of the species, support limited connectivity as a possible explanation for current north and south arrangement of diversity. This study provides deep insights into the ecology and divergence processes within Northern Sierra Madre Occidental trout, and for the urgent development of effective conservation strategies for each of those lineages.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the binational “Truchas Mexicanas” group for the intensive sampling effort from which these data derived. We also thank G. Morales-Flores for her assistance with COLONY.
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Conceived the idea: FJGL. Data Analysis: AAC, RHG. Interpretation of results AAC, RHG, FJGL. Wrote the paper: AAC, RHG, AVR, JCG, FJGL.
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Supplementary file1 (XLSX 13 kb) Online Resource 1 Microsatellite loci used in this study, including the species in which the locus was described, citation of origin, and the previous studies that used these markers to genotype the populations in the present study
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Supplementary file2 (XLSX 13 kb) Online Resource 2 Full-sib dyads with more than 0.7 probability. Individuals in bold were removed from the database
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Supplementary file3 (PDF 147 kb) Online Resource 3 STRUCTURE analysis of 13 native NSMO trout localities, samples from two Rainbow trout hatcheries located in Río Bavispe: “Truchas La Presita” and “Yenquin”, and four hatchery Rainbow trout strains from California (Coleman, Kamloops, Eagle Lake, and Mount Shasta) to estimate membership fraction (represented by color proportions). The plot represents a consensus from 10 iterations of k = 2 visualized with DISTRUCT. Each colored (orange or blue) vertical line represents one individual and populations are separated by vertical black lines. Hatchery trout populations are indicated with *
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Supplementary file4 (XLSX 13 kb) Online Resource 4 Importance to the formal models of the topographic and bioclimatic variables. Values correspond to the average of ten models. GLM - Generalized Linear Model, GAM - Generalized Additive Model, GBM - Generalized Boosting Model, SRE - Surface Range Envelop, CTA - Classification Tree Analysis, RF - Random Forest
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Supplementary file5 (XLSX 12 kb) Online Resource 5 Individual model evaluations using the true skill statistics (TSS). GLM - Generalized Linear Model, GAM - Generalized Additive Model, GBM - Generalized Boosting Model, SRE - Surface Range Envelop, CTA - Classification Tree Analysis, RF - Random Forest
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Supplementary file6 (PDF 87 kb) Online Resource 6 Results from the Generalized Dissimilarity Modeling (GDM). The curve height of the I-splines indicates the total genetic variability explained by each predictor. Points indicate observed distances between pairs of populations. The bar plot represents the percent change in deviance explained by the full model with each variable. Predictors with all-zero I-spline coefficients are not plotted (Slp and BIO05)
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Abadía-Cardoso, A., Hernández-Guzmán, R., Varela-Romero, A. et al. Population genetics and species distribution modeling highlight conservation needs of the endemic trout from the Northern Sierra Madre Occidental. Conserv Genet 22, 629–643 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01388-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01388-5