Abstract
Trap-and-transport programs for migratory fish attempt to mitigate for lost habitat blocked by impassable dams. These programs aim to assist with conservation and recovery of declining populations by accessing habitat protected from impacts downstream, such as introgression or competition with hatchery-origin fish. This study examined a trap-and-transport program that supplemented a native population of winter-run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) above Foster Dam in the South Santiam River, Oregon. The study examined whether outplanted adults transported from 2012 to 2016 reproduced successfully using 268 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and an exclusion analysis in CERVUS. Genotypes from two SNPs in the GREB1L gene were used to associate each fish with maturation at return migration: premature migration (summer-run, non-native) or mature migration (winter-run, native). Parentage analyses demonstrated that 51% of outplanted steelhead successfully produced either juvenile or adult offspring. More than 68% of the natural-origin adults outplanted during the study were homozygous for mature migration alleles that are typical of native, winter-run steelhead, however, potential introgression from non-native, summer-run steelhead was detected in 26% of the outplanted adults. These results indicate that transported adult steelhead successfully produced juvenile and adult steelhead, and introgression associated with non-native steelhead may be introduced through the trap-and-transport program.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Allendorf FW, Hohenlohe PA, Luikart G (2010) Genomics and the future of conservation genetics. Nat Rev Genet 11:697–709
Campbell NR, Harmon SA, Narum SR (2015) Genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing (GT-seq): a cost effective SNP genotyping method based on custom amplicon sequencing. Mol Ecol Resour. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12357
Colvin ME, Peterson JT, Sharpe C, Kent ML, Schreck CB (2018) Identifying optimal hauling densities for adult Chinook salmon trap and haul operations. River Res Appl 34:1158–1167
Hasselman DJ, Harmon SA, Matala AR, Matala AP, Micheletti SJ, Narum SR (2017) Genetic assessment of Columbia River stocks, 4/1/2016–3/31/2017 Annual Report, 2008-907-00
Heggberget TG, Johnsen BO, Hindar K, Jonsson B, Hansen LP, Hvidsten NA, Jensen AJ (1993) Interactions between wild and cultured Atlantic Salmon: a review of the Norwegian experience. Fish Res 18:123–146
Hess JE, Campbell NR, Matala AP, Hasselman DJ, Narum SR (2015) 2014 Annual Report: Genetic Assessment of Columbia River Stocks. U.S. Department of Energy Bonneville Power Administration Report Project #2008-907-00
Hess JE, Zendt JS, Matala AR, Narum SR (2016) Genetic basis of adult migration timing in anadromous steelhead discovered through multivariate association testing. Proc R Soc B 283:20153064
Jones MH, Seeb JE, Warheit KI, Seamons TR, Quinn TP, Seeb LW (2015) Consequences of emergence timing for the growth and relative survival of Steelhead fry from naturally spawning wild and hatchery parents. Trans Am Fish Soc 144:977–989
Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC (2007) Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Mol Ecol 16:1099–1106
Keefer ML, Taylor GA, Garletts DFR, Hlms CK, Gauthier GA, Pierce TM, Caudill CC (2012) Reservoir entrapment and dam passage mortality of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Middle Fork Willamette River. Ecol Freshw Fish 21:222–234
Malenfant RM, Coltman DW, Davis CS (2015) Design of a 9 K illumine BeadChip for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from RAD and transcriptome sequencing. Mol Ecol Resour 15:587–600
Marshall TC, Slate J, Kruuk LEB, Pemberton JM (1998) Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. Mol Ecol 7:639–655
McGinnity P, Prodohl P, Ferguson A, Hynes R, Maoileidigh N, Baker N, Cotter D, O’Hea B, Cooke D, Rogan G, Taggart J, Cross T (2003) Fitness reduction and potential extinction of wild populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, as a result of interactions with escaped farm salmon. Proc R Soc B 270:2443–2450
Micheletti S, Hess JE, Zendt JS, Narum SR (2018) Selection at a genomic region of major effect is responsible for complex life histories in anadromous steelhead. BMC Evol Biol 18:140
Narum SR, Di Genova A, Micheletti SJ, Maass A (2018) Genomic variation underlying complex life-history traits revealed by genome sequencing in Chinook salmon. Proc R Soc B 285(1883):20180935
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (2008) 2008-2023 Willamette river basin project biological opinion. NOAA Natl Mar Fish Serv, Seattle, WA
Nehlsen W, Williams JE, Lichatowich JA (1991) Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries 16:4–21
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) (2017) http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/fish_counts/willamette%20falls.asp. Accessed 1 Sept 2017
Prince DJ, O’Rourke SM, Thompson TQ, Ali OA, Lyman HS, Saglam IK, Hotaling TJ, Spindle AP, Miller MR (2017) The evolutionary basis of premature migration in Pacific salmon highlights the utility of genomics for informing conservation. Sci Adv 3:e1603198
Sard NM, O’Malley KG, Jacobson DP, Hogansen MJ, Johnson MA, Banks MA (2015) Factors influencing spawner success in a spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reintroduction program. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 72:1390–1397
Sard NM, Johnson MA, Jacobson DP, Hogansen MJ, O’Malley KG, Banks MA (2016) Genetic monitoring guides adaptive management of a migratory fish reintroduction program. Anim Conserv 19:570–577
Seamons TR, Bentzen P, Quinn TP (2004) The mating system of steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, inferred by molecular analysis of parents and progeny. Environ Biol Fishes 69:333–344
Shear MB, Steele EA (2006) Lost watersheds: barriers, aquatic habitat connectivity, and salmon persistence in the Willamette and lower Columbia River Basins. Trans Am Fish Soc 135:1654–1669
Waples RS, Lindley ST (2018) Genomics and conservation units: the genetic basis of adult migration timing in salmonids. Evol Appl 11:1518–1526
Weigel DE, Connolly PJ, Powell MS (2014) Fluvial rainbow trout contribute to the colonization of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a small stream. Environ Biol Fishes 97:1149–1159
Weigel DE, Adams JR, Jepson MA, Waits LP, Caudill CC (2019) Introgressive hybridization between native and hatchery-origin, non-native steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 29:292–302
Acknowledgements
Funding was provided by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon (CESU Nos. W912HZ-12-2-0004 and W912HZ-16-2-0013). V. Morman provided laboratory assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weigel, D., Koch, I., Monzyk, F. et al. Evaluation of a trap-and-transport program for a threatened population of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Conserv Genet 20, 1195–1199 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-019-01200-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-019-01200-5