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Toward the genetic origins of a potentially non-native population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Alberta

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Abstract

Disentangling the origin of putatively introduced/invasive species is of increasing priority in conservation biology. The presence of a previously undocumented species may be due to an undetected recent population or range expansion associated with environmental change, or due to an introduction by humans. We used molecular tools to address the origin of a population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) first identified in central Alberta, Canada in 1980 from a single lake. We characterized this inland, high elevation Alberta population in comparison to samples from five representative geographic regions worldwide, using mtDNA and nine microsatellite loci to elucidate genetic structure and estimate divergence times. We found significantly lower levels of genetic variation in the Alberta population, which could reflect either a recent colonization or periodic bottlenecks associated with winterkills. While we did find that the Alberta samples were most closely related to the North American West Coast populations, we did not uncover a putative source population. Alberta samples formed a clade in phylogenetic analyses, with divergence time estimates between the Alberta and British Columbia samples ca. 250–750 kya. The hypothesis that the Alberta population represents a natural colonization during North America’s last glacial recession could not be rejected. Collectively, these data suggest that the genetic signature of colonizing populations following introductions may be similar to populations at their range limit, contributing to difficulties establishing population origins.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Stephen Spencer of Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Alberta, and Stevi Vanderzwan for help collecting the Alberta samples. Thanks to Jacquelin DeFaveri of the Ecological Genetics Research Unit at the University of Helsinki, Finland, Scott McCairns of Université Laval, Canada, and Ella Bowles of the University of Calgary, Canada, for providing the Norwegian, East Coast, and Alaskan fish samples, respectively. The authors thank Matthew Morris for providing comments on a draft of the manuscript. SMR and SMV are supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program. SMR was supported by an Alberta Innovates Technology Futures New Faculty Award. EC was supported by an NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowship. SMR and EC were supported by the Alberta Conservation Association. SMR would like to thank the late Dr. Joseph Nelson (1937–2011) who graciously provided many key reprints and advice in 2010 during the inception of this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada

    Andrew M. Rezansoff

  2. Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Pace University, One Pace Plaza, New York, NY, 10038, USA

    Erika Crispo & Edward Cruz

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, 300 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA

    Christopher Blair

  4. Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan

    Jun Kitano

  5. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada

    Steven M. Vamosi & Sean M. Rogers

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  1. Andrew M. Rezansoff
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Correspondence to Sean M. Rogers.

Additional information

Sequence data are provided in GenBank (accession numbers KP823059 - KP823216) and the microsatellite genotypes are archived in Dryad (doi:10.5061/dryad.pc1th).

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Rezansoff, A.M., Crispo, E., Blair, C. et al. Toward the genetic origins of a potentially non-native population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Alberta. Conserv Genet 16, 859–873 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0706-4

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