Abstract
Hybridization among closely related species may pose a threat to species persistence, especially between native and introduced species. We analyzed nine microsatellite loci, mitochondrial sequences and 16 species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two native species (delta smelt and longfin smelt) and one introduced species (wakasagi smelt) in the family Osmeridae to describe the extent of hybridization among these species in the San Francisco Bay-Delta, CA, USA. We identified 29 putative hybrids with a microsatellite-based Bayesian assignment method, and we further screened these putative hybrids with the SNP loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing. From the Yolo Bypass, 11 % of morphologically ambiguous individuals were F1 hybrids and 0.1 % of positively identified delta smelt from throughout the San Francisco Bay-Delta were F1 hybrids according to their SNP genotypes. mtDNA sequencing revealed wakasagi smelt as the maternal parent for all five delta smelt × wakasagi smelt hybrids and longfin smelt as the maternal parent for the single longfin smelt × delta smelt hybrid. Hybridization among these three species appears to occur at relatively low frequencies and may not be an immediate threat to the persistence of the imperiled native species; however, the presence of hybrid individuals warrants continued monitoring.
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the US Fish and Wildlife Service through a CESU agreement with UC Davis (Agreement No. 813327J011). We thank the anonymous reviewers for helpful comments that improved this manuscript and Jordana Henderson for laboratory support. Samples were collected by the California Department of Fish and Game, the California Department of Water Resources, and the United States Army Corp of Engineers and were provided by Randy Baxter, Julio Adib-Samii, Bill Bennett, Jim Hobbs, Erin Gleason and Kelly Souza.
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Appendix Fig. 2
Map of the San Francisco Bay-Delta and the location of discovered hybrid individuals
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Fisch, K.M., Mahardja, B., Burton, R.S. et al. Hybridization between delta smelt and two other species within the family Osmeridae in the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Conserv Genet 15, 489–494 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0555-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0555-y