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Genetic diversity and differentiation of Fagus orientalis Lipsky in Hyrcanian forests revealed by nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers

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Abstract

Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is a widespread monoecious and wind-pollinated tree species. It is one of the major components of the Hyrcanian forests of Iran and it is of both ecological and economical importance. Twelve beech stands were surveyed at 9 chloroplast (cp) and 6 nuclear (n) polymorphic microsatellite loci (simple sequence repeats, SSR) to provide information on distribution of genetic diversity within and among populations and on gene conservation and silvicultural management of this species. High levels of genetic differentiation were detected for the chloroplast genome (F ST = 0.80 and R ST = 0.95), in sharp contrast to the nuclear genome (F ST = 0.06, R ST = 0.05). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 48% of the total cpSSR variation was attributable to differences among regions and 30% to differences among populations within regions, suggesting multiple origins of beech populations in Hyrcanian forests. Nuclear SSRs confirmed the presence of significant differentiation among populations and among geographic regions, even if, as expected, this was less pronounced than that found with cpSSRs (based on AMOVA, differences among regions and among populations within regions each contribute 5% to total nSSR variance). A highly significant correlation between genetic (nSSRs) and geographic distances (R 2 = 0.522) was estimated, thus showing an isolation by distance effect. The application of spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) using both marker data allowed identification of genetically homogeneous groups of populations. Possible applications of these results for the certification of provenances and/or seed lots and for designing conservation programs are presented and discussed.

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by the International Plant Genetic Resource Institute, Bioversity International, formerly IPGRI (project D06C Fellowships). Parvin Salehi Shanjani received Vavilov-Frankle Fellowshio (2003) from Bioversity International, formerly IPGRI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran

    Parvin Salehi Shanjani & M. Calagari

  2. Institute of Plant Genetic, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy

    G. G. Vendramin

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  1. Parvin Salehi Shanjani
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  2. G. G. Vendramin
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  3. M. Calagari
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Correspondence to Parvin Salehi Shanjani.

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Salehi Shanjani, P., Vendramin, G.G. & Calagari, M. Genetic diversity and differentiation of Fagus orientalis Lipsky in Hyrcanian forests revealed by nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers. Conserv Genet 11, 2321–2331 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-010-0118-4

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