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Genetic variation and effective population size in isolated populations of coastal cutthroat trout

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Abstract

Following glacial recession in southeast Alaska, waterfalls created by isostatic rebound have isolated numerous replicate populations of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) in short coastal streams. These replicate isolated populations offer an unusual opportunity to examine factors associated with the maintenance of genetic diversity. We used eight microsatellites to examine genetic variation within and differentiation among 12 population pairs sampled from above and below these natural migration barriers. Geological evidence indicated that the above-barrier populations have been isolated for 8,000–12,500 years. Genetic differentiation among below-barrier populations (F ST = 0.10, 95% C.I. 0.08–0.12) was similar to a previous study of more southern populations of this species. Above-barrier populations were highly differentiated from adjacent below-barrier populations (mean pairwise F ST = 0.28; SD 0.18) and multiple lines of evidence were consistent with asymmetric downstream gene flow that varied among streams. Each above-barrier population had reduced within-population genetic variation when compared to the adjacent below-barrier population. Within-population genetic diversity was significantly correlated with the amount of available habitat in above-barrier sites. Increased genetic differentiation of above-barrier populations with lower genetic diversity suggests that genetic drift has been the primary cause of genetic divergence. Long-term estimates of N e based on loss of heterozygosity over the time since isolation were large (3,170; range 1,077–7,606) and established an upper limit for N e if drift were the only evolutionary process responsible for loss of genetic diversity. However, it is likely that a combination of mutation, selection, and gene flow have also contributed to the genetic diversity of above-barrier populations. Contemporary above-barrier N e estimates were much smaller than long-term N e estimates, not correlated with within-population genetic diversity, and not consistent with the amount of genetic variation retained, given the approximate 10,000-year period of isolation. The populations isolated by waterfalls in this study that occur in larger stream networks have retained substantial genetic variation, which suggests that the amount of habitat in headwater streams is an important consideration for maintaining the evolutionary potential of isolated populations.

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Acknowledgments

E. Tucker assisted with map creation and fieldwork. S. Friedman assisted with field collections. L. Chikhi provided the modified version of BAYESASS. We thank S. McCairns and N. Ryman for helpful discussions. Three anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Support was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Alaska Region) and the Tongass National Forest. KH also received support from a National Science Foundation Graduate Research and Training grant to the University of Montana (NSF-GRT-9553611 to P. Kukuk, C. Brewer and FWA). ARW was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF-OISE-0601864) during the preparation of this manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    Andrew R. Whiteley

  2. Resources Management and Science, Yosemite National Park, P.O. Box 700, El Portal, CA, 95318, USA

    Kim Hastings

  3. Conservation Genetics Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region, 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA

    John K. Wenburg

  4. Pacific Rivers Council, PMB 219, 1 Second Avenue East, Suite C, Polson, MT, 59860, USA

    Chris A. Frissell

  5. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 58912, USA

    Jamie C. Martin & Fred W. Allendorf

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10592_2010_83_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Fig. S1. Regression used to estimate time since isolation for each above-barrier population. Carbon 14 date (years before present) was regressed on log-transformed elevation (R 2 = 0.92, P < 0.001). Labels on points are elevation (meters above sea level) (DOC 74 kb)

10592_2010_83_MOESM2_ESM.doc

Table S1 Summary of microsatellite loci. Number of alleles and allele size ranges are shown in base pairs (bp) for entire data set (DOC 79 kb)

10592_2010_83_MOESM3_ESM.xls

Table S2 Allele frequencies for coastal cutthroat trout in southeast Alaska. Alleles sizes are given in base pairs (XLS 158 kb)

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Whiteley, A.R., Hastings, K., Wenburg, J.K. et al. Genetic variation and effective population size in isolated populations of coastal cutthroat trout. Conserv Genet 11, 1929–1943 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-010-0083-y

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