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Phylogeography and population structure of the endangered Tehuantepec jackrabbit Lepus flavigularis: implications for conservation

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Abstract

The Tehuantepec jackrabbit (Lepus flavigularis) is an endangered species restricted to a small area in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. To evaluate its phylogeographic structure, population genetics, and demographic history we sequenced the mitochondrial Control Region hypervariable domain (CR-1) for 42 individuals representing the entire species range. Phylogenetic patterns indicated that this species is subdivided into two highly divergent clades, with an average nucleotide genetic distance of 3.7% (TrN) between them. Clades A and B are geographically distributed in non-overlapping areas to the west and to the east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, respectively. Genetic diversity indices showed reduced genetic variability in L. flavigularis when compared to other species of Lepus within main clades and within populations. This low genetic diversity coupled with the restricted distribution to very small areas of occurrence and limited gene flow suggest that genetic drift has played an important role in the evolution of this species. Historical demographic analysis also pointed out that these two clades underwent a recent population expansion that started about 9,000 years ago for clade A and 3,200 years ago for clade B during the Holocene. Consequently, from the conservation perspective our results suggest that populations included in clades A and B should be regarded as distinct evolutionary lineages.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Roberto Gutiérrez, Roberto Gutiérrez Jr., Leyberto Gutiérrez, Juan Antonio and family, Jorge Bolaños and the Municipality of Santa María del Mar for their valuable help during field work. We thank the families Gutiérrez-López and Gutiérrez-Vázquez for housing our crew. We are grateful to Fernando Cervantes, who provided tissue samples of L. callotis. Also, we thank Arturo Carrillo for his help on map editing. Constructive comments on the manuscript were provided by Duke S. Rogers and anonymous reviewers. This project was partially funded by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología and Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas (project CHIS-2005-CO3-001) and El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (PATM project 11022). Instituto Nacional de Ecología, SEMARNAT, issued a special collecting permit (SGPA/DGVS/01468/06) that allowed us to catch specimens of L. flavigularis, take ear clips, and then release them.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, 29290, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico

    Yessica Rico, Consuelo Lorenzo & Eduardo Espinoza

  2. Centro de Educación Ambiental e Investigación Sierra de Huautla, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

    Francisco X. González-Cózatl

Authors
  1. Yessica Rico
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  2. Consuelo Lorenzo
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  3. Francisco X. González-Cózatl
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  4. Eduardo Espinoza
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yessica Rico.

Appendix

Appendix

List of individuals included in this study with species name, collection locality, population name (Pop), geographic coordinates, ID number, haplotype (Hap), and GenBank accession number. Population names are as follow: SMM = Santa María del Mar, AG = Aguachil, SFMV = San Francisco del Mar Viejo, MSC = Montecillo Santa Cruz.

 

Species

Collection locality

Pop

Geographic coordinates

ID #

Hap

Genbank

L. flavigularis

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°55′W

493

Lf1

EF123710

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°53′W

487

Lf2

EF123711

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°56′W

498

Lf2

EF123712

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°53′W

507

Lf2

EF123714

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°54′W

503

Lf2

EF123715

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°56′W

499

Lf2

EF123716

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°54′W

501

Lf2

EF123717

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°56′W

502

Lf2

EF123718

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°12′N, 94°53′W

488

Lf2

EF123719

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°54′W

504

Lf2

EF123720

Santa María del Mar

SMM

16°13′N, 94°53′W

506

Lf3

EF123713

Aguachil

AG

16°12′N, 94°29′W

471

Lf4

EF144157

Aguachil

AG

16°12′N, 94°30′W

467

Lf4

EF144158

Aguachil

AG

16°12′N, 94°29′W

470

Lf4

EF144159

Aguachil

AG

16°12′N, 94°29′W

485

Lf4

EF144160

Aguachil

AG

16°12′N, 94°30′W

484

Lf4

EF144161

Aguachil

AG

16°13′N, 94°30′W

473

Lf4

EF144162

Aguachil

AG

16°12′N, 94°29′W

475

Lf4

EF144163

Aguachil

AG

16°12′N, 94°31′W

474

Lf4

EF144164

Aguachil

AG

16°12′N, 94°29′W

468

Lf4

EF144165

Llano Grande

AG

16°12′N, 94°33′W

483

Lf4

EF123728

San Francisco del Mar

SMFV

16°13′N, 94°43′W

463

Lf4

EF123736

San Francisco del Mar

SFMV

16°14′N, 94°44′W

481

Lf4

EF123737

San Francisco del Mar

SFMV

16°13′N, 94°43′W

24

Lf4

EF123738

San Francisco del Mar

SFMV

16°14′N, 94°39′W

1770

Lf4

EF123739

San Francisco del Mar

SFMV

16°14′N, 94°39′W

2101

Lf4

EF123740

San Francisco del Mar

SFMV

16°15′N, 94°38′W

2099

Lf4

EF123741

San Francisco del Mar

SFMV

16°14′N, 94°43′W

2098

Lf5

EF123742

Llano San Lorenzo

MSC

16°23′N, 94°36′W

1728

Lf6

EF123724

Llano San Lorenzo

MSC

16°23′N, 94°36′W

510

Lf6

EF123733

Llano San Lorenzo

MSC

16°24′N 94°36′W

1729

Lf7

EF123726

Llano Dolores

MSC

16°26′N, 94°38′W

2043

Lf4

EF123732

Llano Dolores

MSC

16°24′N, 94°37′W

2039

Lf6

EF123722

Llano Dolores

MSC

16°26′N, 94°38′W

2041

Lf6

EF123729

Llano Contreras

MSC

16°27′N, 94°38′W

2126

Lf4

EF123721

Llano Contreras

MSC

16°28′N, 94°38′W

478

Lf4

EF123725

Llano Contreras

MSC

16°29′N, 94°41′W

2128

Lf4

EF123730

Llano Contreras

MSC

16°29′N, 94°41′W

476

Lf5

EF123734

Llano Cacal

MSC

16°24′N, 94°39′W

508

Lf6

EF123723

Llano Cacal

MSC

16°29′N, 94°41′W

2129

Lf8

EF123735

Llano Cacal

MSC

16°26′N, 94°40′W

509

Lf9

EF123731

L. callotis

Mazamitla, Jalisco

–

19°54′N, 103°01′W

31

Lt1

EF144166

Mazamitla, Jalisco

–

19°54′N, 103°01′W

32

Lt1

EF144167

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Rico, Y., Lorenzo, C., González-Cózatl, F.X. et al. Phylogeography and population structure of the endangered Tehuantepec jackrabbit Lepus flavigularis: implications for conservation. Conserv Genet 9, 1467–1477 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9480-2

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