Abstract
Family therapists are increasingly called upon to work with individuals and families with medical issues, but often do not have sufficient background on the issue to be most helpful. The purpose of this paper is to help family therapists understand Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and its impact on the individual and his or her family. PD is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the United States, following Alzheimer’s disease (Hirtz et al., Neurology 68:326–337, 2007). According to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, approximately 60,000 individuals are diagnosed with PD every year, and approximately one million Americans are currently living with PD. In this paper, we provide an overview of PD based on research and the second author’s many years of providing services for individuals with PD, as well as offer specific recommendations for providing family therapy using narrative, solution-focused and emotionally focused therapy based on the first author’s work as a family therapist with individuals, groups, and couples dealing with PD.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Back, J. P., Riedel, O., Klotsche, J., Spottke, A., Dodel, R., & Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Impact of complications and comorbidities on treatment costs and health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 314(1–2), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.11.002.
Backhaus, K. (2011). Solution focused brief therapy with families. In L. Metcalf (Ed.), Marriage and family therapy (pp. 287–312). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Belar, C. D., Brown, R. A., Hersch, L. E., Hornyak, L. M., Rozensky, R. H., Sheridan, E. P., … Reed, G. W. (2001). Self-assessment in clinical health psychology: A model for ethical expansion of practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32(2), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7028.32.2.135.
Berg, I. K., & De Jong, P. (1996). Solution-building conversations: Co-constructing a sense of competence with clients. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 77, 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.934.
Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. (2002). Emotionally charged autobiographical memories across the life span: The recall of happy, sad, traumatic, and involuntary memories. Psychology and Aging, 17(4), 636–652. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.17.4.636.
Calleo, J. S., Amspoker, A. B., Sarwar, A. I., Kunik, M. E., Jankovic, J., Marsh, L., … Stanley, M. A. (2015). A pilot study of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with Parkinson disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 28(3), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988715588831.
Canavarro, M. C., & Dattilio, F. M. (2011). Family therapy and medical issues. Contemporary Family Therapy, 33, 87–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-011-9150-x.
Crane, D. R., & Christenson, J. D. (2012). A summary report of the cost-effectiveness of the profession and practice of marriage and family therapy. Contemporary Family Therapy, 34, 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-012-9187-5.
Dakof, G., & Mendelsohn, G. (1989). Patterns of adaptation to Parkinson’s disease. Health Psychology, 8, 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.8.3.355.
De Shazer, S., & Dolan, Y. (2007). More than miracles: The state of the art of solution-focused brief therapy. New York: NY: The Haworth Press.
Dobkin, R. D., Allen, L. A., & Menza, M. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Movement Disorders, 22(7), 946–952. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21455.
Dobkin, R. D., Menza, M., Allen, L. A., Gara, M. A., Mark, M. H., Tui, J., … Friedman, J. (2011a). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1066–1074. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111669.
Dobkin, R. D., Menza, M., Allen, L. A., Tui, J., Friedman, J., Bienfait, K. L., … Mark, M. H. (2011b). Telephone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in Parkinson disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 24(4), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988711422529.
Dobkin, R. D., Rubino, J. T., Allen, L. A., Friedman, J., Gara, M. A., Mark, M. H., & Menza, M. (2012). Predictors of treatment response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 694–699. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027695.
Farabaugh, A., Locascio, J., Yap, L., Growdon, J., Fava, M., Crawford, C., … Alpert, J. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease and comorbid major depressive disorder. Psychosomatics, 51(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(10)70672-1.
Fitzgerald, J., & Thomas, J. (2012). A report: Couples with medical conditions, attachment theoretical perspectives and evidence for emotionally-focused couples therapy. Contemporary Family Therapy, 34, 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-012-9184-8.
Forbat, L., McManus, E., & Haraldsdottir, E. (2012). Clinical implications for supporting caregivers at the end-of-life: Findings from a qualitative study. Contemporary Family Therapy, 34, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-012-9194-6.
Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996). Narrative therapy. New York, NY: Haddon Craftsman.
Gasparoli, E., Delibori, D., Polesello, G., Santelli, L., Ermani, M., Battistin, L., & Bracco, F. (2002). Clinical predictors in Parkinson’s disease. Neurological Sciences, 23(2), 77–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100720200078.
Ghedin, S., Semi, A., Caccamo, F., Caldironi, L., Marogna, C., Piccione, F., Staile, R., … Vidotto, G. (2017). Emotionally focused couple therapy with neurodegenerative diseases: A pilot study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 45(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2016.1223562.
Hirtz, D., Thurman, D. J., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Mohamed, M., Chaudhuri, A. R., & Zalutsky, R. (2007). How common are the “common” neurologic disorders. Neurology, 68, 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3.
Hodgson, J. H., Garcia, K., & Tyndall, L. (2004). Parkinson’s Disease and the couple relationship: A qualitative analysis. Families, Systems, and Health, 22(1), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/1091-7527.22.1.101.
Huse, D. M., Schulman, K., Orsini, L., Castelli-Haley, J., Kennedy, S., & Lenhart, G. (2005). Burden of illness in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 20(11), 1449–1454.
Johnson, S. M. (2002). Emotionally focused couple therapy with trauma survivors. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Johnson, S. M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy: Creating connection. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
Johnson, S. M., Bradley, B., Furrow, J., Lee, A., Palmer, G., Tilley, D., & Woolley, S. (2005). Becoming an emotionally focused couple therapist: The workbook. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
Knipe, M. D. W., Wickremaratchi, M. M., Wyatt-Haines, E., Morris, H. R., & Ben- Shlomo, Y. (2011). Quality of life in young-compared with late-onset Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 26(11), 2011–2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23763.
Korczyn, A. D. (2011). Costs of illness and care in Parkinson’s disease. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 151–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.10.009.
Kowal, S. L., Dall, T. M., Chakrabarti, R., Storm, M. V., & Jain, A. (2013). The current and projected economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in the united states. Movement Disorders, 28(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25292.
Lethem, J. (2002). Brief solution-focused therapy. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7(4), 189–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-3588.00033.
Martin, S. C. (2012). Couples coping with Parkinson’s disease: Implications for the patient, partner, and relationship (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
O’Hanlon, W. H., & Weiner-Davis, M. (1989). In search of solutions: A new direction in psychotherapy. New York, NY: Norton.
Politis, M., Wu, K., Molloy, S., Bain, P. G., Chaudhuri, K. R., & Piccini, P. (2010). Parkinson’s disease symptoms: The patient’s perspective. Movement Disorders, 25(11), 1646–1651. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23135.
Rana, A. Q., Siddiqui, I., & Yousuf, M. S. (2012). Challenges in diagnosis of young onset Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 323(1–2), 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2012.08.029.
Reijnders, J. S. A. M., Ehrt, U., Weber, W. E. J., Aarsland, D., & Leentjens, A. F. (2008). A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 23, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21803.
Roede, J. R., Uppal, K., Park, Y., Lee, K., Tran, V., Walker, D. … Jones, D. P. (2013). Serum metabolomics of slow vs. rapid motor progression Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Plos ONE, 8(10), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077629.
Rolland, J. S. (1994). In sickness and in health: The impact of illness on couples’ relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 20(4), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1994.tb00125.x.
Russell, C. S., White, M. B., & White, C. P. (2006). Why me? Why now? Multiple sclerosis?: Making meaning and perceived quality of life in a Midwestern sample of patients with multiple sclerosis. Families, Systems and Health, 24(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/1091-7527.24.1.65.
Schrag, A., Hovis, A., Morley, D., Quinn, N., & Jahanshahi, M. (2003). Young-versus older onset Parkinson’s disease: Impact of disease and psychosocial consequences. Movement Disorders, 18, 1250–1256. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10527.
Shinmei, I., Kobayashi, K., Oe, Y., Takagishi, Y., Kanie, A., Ito, M., Takebayashi, Y., Murata, M., … Dobkin, R. D. (2016). Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in Japanese Parkinson’s disease patients: A pilot study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 1319–1331. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S104777.
Simpson, J., Lekwuwa, G., & Crawford, T. (2013). Illness beliefs and psychological outcome in people with Parkinson’s disease. Chronic Illness, 9(2), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395313478219.
Starkstein, S., & Leentjens, A. F. (2008). The nosological position of apathy in clinical practice. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 79, 1088–1092. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.136895.
Thommessen, B., Aarsland, D., Braekhus, A., Oksengaard, A. R., Engedal, K., & Laake, K. (2002). The psychosocial burden on spouses of the elderly with stroke, dementia, and parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.524.
Veazey, C., Cook, K. F., Stanley, M., Lai, E. C., & Kunik, M. E. (2009). Telephone-administered cognitive behavioral therapy: a case study of anxiety and depression in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 16(3), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-009-9167-6.
Walsh, K., & Bennett, G. (2001). Parkinson’s disease and anxiety. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 77, 89. https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.77.904.89.
White, M. (2007). Maps of narrative practice. New York, NY: Norton.
White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York, NY: Norton.
Wielinski, C. L., Varpness, S. C., Erickson-Davis, C., Parashos, A. J., & Parashos, S. A. (2010). Sexual and relationship satisfaction among persons with young-onset Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7, 1438–1444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01408.x.
Willis, A. W., Schootman, M., Kung, N., & Racette, B. A. (2013). Epidemiology and neuropsychiatric manifestations of young onset Parkinson’s disease in the United States. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 19(2), 202–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.09.014.
Wong, S. L., Gilmour, H., & Ramage-Morin, P. L. (2014). Parkinson’s disease: Prevalence, diagnosis and impact. Health Reports, 25(11), 10–14.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors of this manuscript maintain that there are no conflicts of interest with the current manuscript.
Ethical Standards
This manuscript did not involve human and/or animal participants. The case studies used in the manuscript are based on a composite of multiple cases that the first author worked with in order to protect confidentiality. All identifying information has been changed in order to protect client confidentiality.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Spencer, C., Haub, M. Family Therapy with Couples and Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease. Contemp Fam Ther 40, 299–308 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-018-9458-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-018-9458-x