Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Portuguese Validation of FACES-IV in Adult Children Caregivers Facing Parental Cancer

Contemporary Family Therapy volume 35, pages 478–490 (2013)Cite this article

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FACES-IV in Portuguese caregivers of cancer patients. In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 214 adult children caregivers of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, completed FACES-IV, Family Communication Scale (FCS), Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS), and Satisfaction with Social Support Scale (SSSS). Internal consistencies above .70 were found for all FACES-IV scales, except for Enmeshed and Rigid scales, as well as for the FCS, FSS, and SSSS (except for Intimacy). Strong correlations between FACES-IV and the validation scales FCS and FSS were found except for the Enmeshed and Rigid scales. Confirmatory analysis yielded an acceptable model for the six theoretical subscales. The discriminant analysis between problematic and non-problematic family systems showed results similar to the original study. These findings suggest that FACES-IV is a valid measure of family functioning in oncological family caregiving’s contexts.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

  • Alderfer, M. A., Fiese, B. H., Gold, J. I., Cutuli, J. J., Holmbeck, G. N., Goldbeck, L., et al. (2008). Evidence-based assessment in pediatric psychology: Family measures. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(9), 1046–1061.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., Cacioppo, M., & Tafà, M. (2012). Factorial and construct validity of FACES IV among Italian adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9658-1.

  • Barakat, L., & Kazak, A. (1999). Family Issues. In R. T. Brown (Ed.), Cognitive aspects of chronic illness in children (pp. 333–354). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. K., & Buehler, C. (1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(2), 433–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, H. L., & Olson, D. H. (1985). Parent-adolescent communication and the Circumplex model. Special issue: Family development. Child Development, 56(2), 438–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, R. P., & Burns, R. (2008). Business research methods and statistics using SPSS. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.-L., Chu, L., & Chen, H.-C. (2004). Impact of cancer patients’ quality of life on that of spouse caregivers. Supportive Care in Cancer, 12(7), 469–475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, A. E. (2001). Family system and family functioning: Circumplex model and FACES IV. Journal of Family Studies, 7(1), 29–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, W. J., & Hovander, D. (1990). Why don’t family measures of cohesion and control behave the way they’re supposed to? American Journal of Family Therapy, 18(1), 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, B., & Clarke, V. (2004). The psychological impact of a cancer diagnosis on families: The influence of family functioning and patients’ illness characteristics on depression and anxiety. Psycho-Oncology, 13(8), 562–576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L., & Bishop, D. (1983). The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(2), 213–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, D. A., Sheppard, V. B., Mangan, P. A., Taylor, K. L., Tallarico, M., Adams, I., et al. (2006). Caregiving at the end of life: Perceptions of health care quality and quality of life among patients and caregivers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 31(5), 407–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, C., Streeter, C. L., & Springer, D. W. (2001). Validity of the FACES IV family assessment measure. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(5), 576–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, A. S., Utada, A., & Morrissey, M. R. (1987). Families of adolescent drug abusers are “rigid”: Are these families either “disengaged” or “enmeshed,” or both? Family Process, 26(1), 131–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorall, D. M., Tiesel, J., & Olson, D. H. (2004). Faces IV: Development and validation. Minneapolis: Life Innovations, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. J., & Werner, P. D. (1996). Intrusiveness and closeness-caregiving: Rethinking the concept of family “enmeshment”. Family Process, 35(2), 115–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harden, J. (2005). Developmental life stage and couples’ experiences with prostate cancer. Cancer Nursing, 28(2), 85–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, D. R., & DeHaan, L. (1996). Toward a definition of family resilience: Integrating life-span and family perspectives. Family Process, 35(3), 283–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, B. A. (1993). Issues, problems, and challenges for families coping with breast cancer. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 9(2), 88–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

  • Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., Lonigro, A., Capacchione, G., & Baumgartner, E. (2012). Family functioning and binge drinking among Italian adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology. doi:10.1177/1359105311430005.

  • Marsac, M. L., & Alderfer, M. A. (2011). Psychometric properties of the FACES-IV in a pediatric oncology population. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36(5), 528–538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, B. A. (2003). Role and gender differences in cancer-related distress: A comparison of survivor and caregiver self-reports. Oncology Nursing Forum, 30(3), 493–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirnics, Z., Vargha, A., Tóth, M., & Bagdy, E. (2010). Cross-cultural applicability of FACES IV. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 21, 17–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, R. J. V., Gonyea, J. G., & Hooyman, N. R. (1985). Caregiving and the experience of subjective and objective burden. Family Relations, 34(1), 19–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nalbadian, M., Nikolaou, A., Nikolaidis, V., Petridis, D., Themelis, C., & Daniilidis, I. (2001). Factors influencing quality of life in laryngectomized patients. European Archives of Otorhinolaryngology, 258(7), 336–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navon, L., & Morag, A. (2003). Advanced prostate cancer patients’ relationships with their spouses following hormonal therapy. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 7(2), 73–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nijboer, C., Tempelaar, R., Sanderman, R., Triemstra, M., Spruijt, R. J., & van den Bos, G. A. (1998). Cancer and caregiving: The impact on the caregiver’s health. Psycho-Oncology, 7(1), 3–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nijboer, C., Triemstra, M., Tempelaar, R., Sanderman, R., & Van Den Bos, G. A. (1999). Determinants of caregiving experiences and mental health of partners of cancer patients. Cancer, 86(4), 577–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Northouse, L. L., Mood, D., Kershaw, T., Schafenacker, A., Mellon, S., Walker, J., et al. (2002). Quality of life of women with recurrent breast cancer and their family members. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(19), 4050–4064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Northouse, L. L., Schafer, J. A., Tipton, J., & Metivier, L. (1999). The concerns of patients and spouses after the diagnosis of colon cancer: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing, 26(1), 8–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H. (1993). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H. (2004). Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS). Minneapolis: Life Innovations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H. (2010). Data analysis using FACES-IV scores. Minneapolis: Life Innovations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H. (2011). FACES IV and the Circumplex model: Validation study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 3(1), 64–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H., & Barnes, H. (2004). Family communication. Minneapolis: Life Innovations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H., Gorall, D. M., & Tiesel, J. W. (2006a). FACES-IV package: Administration. Minneapolis: Life Innovations, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H., Gorall, D. M., & Tiesel, J. W. (2006b). FACES IV. Development and validation. Minneapolis: Life Innovations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H., & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family system: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18(1), 3–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pais-Ribeiro, J. L. (1999). Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social (ESSS) [Satisfaction with Social Support Scale (SSSS)]. Análise Psicológica, 17(3), 547–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64(2), 349–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L. S., Keefe, F. J., Hurwitz, H., & Faber, M. (2005). Disclosure between patients with gastrointestinal cancer and their spouses. Psycho-Oncology, 14(12), 1030–1042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rait, D., & Lederberg, M. (1989). The family of the cancer patient. In J. Holland (Ed.), Handbook of psycho-oncology (pp. 585–597). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rait, D. S., Ostroff, J. S., Smith, K., Cella, D. F., Tan, C., & Lesko, L. M. (1992). Lives in a balance: Perceived family functioning and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescent cancer survivors. Family Process, 31(4), 383–397. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1992.00383.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebelo, L. (2008). Relações familiares e toxicodependência [Addiction and family relations]. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra.

  • Rivero, N., Martínez-Pampliega, A., & Olson, D. H. (2010). Spanish adaptation of the FACES IV questionnaire: Psychometric characteristics. The Family Journal, 18(3), 288–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sales, E., Schultz, R., & Biegel, D. (1992). Predictors of strain in families of cancer patients: A review of the literature. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 10(2), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos, C. S., Pais-Ribeiro, J. L., & Lopes, C. (2003). Estudo da adaptação da escala de satisfação com o suporte social (ESSS) a pessoas com diagnóstico de doença oncológica [Adaptation study of the Satisfaction with Social Support Scale (SSSS) to people with a diagnosis of cancer]. Psicologia Saúde and Doenças, 4(2), 185–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, K. H., Schultz, H., Schultz, O., & Von Kerekjarto, M. (1996). Family structure and psychosocial stress in families of cancer patients. In L. Baider, C. L. Cooper, & A. K. De-Nou (Eds.), Cancer and the family (pp. 225–255). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segrin, C., Badger, T. A., Meek, P., Lopez, A. M., Bonham, E., & Sieger, A. (2005). Dyadic interdependence on affect and quality-of-life trajectories among women with breast cancer and their partners. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 673–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soothill, K., Morris, S. M., Thomas, C., Harman, J. C., Francis, B., & Mclllmurray, M. B. (2003). The universal, situational, and personal needs of cancer patients and their main carers. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 7(1), 5–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893–898. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickery, V. E., Latchford, G., Hewison, J., Bellow, M., & Feber, T. (2003). The impact of head and neck cancer and facial disfigurement on the quality of life of patients and their partners. Head and Neck, 25(8), 289–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A framework for clinical practice. Family Process, 42(1), 1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, P. D., Green, R., Greenberg, J., Browne, T. L., & McKenna, T. E. (2001). Beyond enmeshment: Evidence for the independence of intrusiveness and closeness-caregiving in married couples. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 27(4), 459–472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by a grant from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (reference SFRH/BD/43275/2008).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    M. Graça Pereira & Ricardo Teixeira

Authors
  1. M. Graça Pereira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ricardo Teixeira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Graça Pereira.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pereira, M.G., Teixeira, R. Portuguese Validation of FACES-IV in Adult Children Caregivers Facing Parental Cancer. Contemp Fam Ther 35, 478–490 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-012-9216-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-012-9216-4

Keywords

search

Navigation