Skip to main content
Log in

The Process of Systemic Change in Filial Therapy: A Phenomenological Study of Parent Experience

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Contemporary Family Therapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This phenomenological study represents the first qualitative exploration of parents’ experiences of the process of filial therapy from a systemic lens. Filial therapy is a treatment approach that teaches parents how to conduct weekly thirty minute play times with their target child at home in an effort to improve the parent–child relationship. Previous research has focused almost exclusively on the impact of this model on this relationship; however, the results from this focus group study (n = 8) indicate several relational shifts that occur within the greater family and societal contexts and suggest potential reasons for treatment gain maintenance over time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, H. (2005). Myths about not-knowing. Family Process, 44, 497–504. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2005.00074.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bavin-Hoffman, R., Jennings, G., & Landreth, G. (1996). Filial therapy: Parental perceptions of the process. International Journal of Play Therapy, 5(1), 45–58. doi:10.1037/h0089109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd-Franklin, N., & Bry, B. H. (2000). Reaching out in family therapy: Home-based, school, and community interventions. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bratton, S., Ray, D., Rhine, T., & Jones, L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of the outcome research. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 36(4), 376–390. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daly, K. (2007). Qualitative methods for family studies and human development. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debus, M. (1988). A methodological review: Handbook for excellence in focus group research. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, N., Ladner, J., & White, J. (2007). Perceived effectiveness of filial therapy for a Jamaican mother: A qualitative case study. International Journal of Play Therapy, 16(1), 36–53. doi:10.1037/1555-6824.16.1.36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil, E. (1994). Play in family therapy. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giordano, J., & Carini-Giordano, M. (1998). Ethnic dimensions in family treatment. In R. H. Mikesell, D. Lusterman, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), Integrating family therapy: Handbook of family psychology and systems theory (pp. 347–356). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi, A. (1985). Phenomenology and psychological research. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28(2), 235–260. doi:10.1163/156916297X00103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi, A., & Giorgi, B. (2003). The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. In P. Camic, J. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 243–264). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Guerney, B. (1964). Filial therapy: Description and rationale. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28(4), 304–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guerney, B. G., & Stover, L. (1971). Filial therapy final report (MH 18264–01). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herschell, A., Calzada, E., Eyberg, S. M., & McNeil, C. B. (2002). Parent–child interaction therapy: New directions in research. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 16–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husserl, E. (1970). Logical investigations (vol. 1), (J. N. Finley, Trans.) New York: Humanities Press. (Original work published 1900).

  • Jernberg, A., & Booth, P. (1999). Theraplay (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. (1995). Filial therapy: A bridge between individual child therapy and family therapy. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 6(3), 55–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L., Bruhn, R., Winek, J., Krepps, J., & Wiley, K. (1999). The use of child-centered play therapy and filial therapy with head start families: A brief report. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 25(2), 169–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, M. (2004). The gendered society (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, J., & Barbour, R. (1999). Developing focus group research: Politics, theory, and practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudson-Martin, C., & Laughlin, M. (2005). Gender and sexual orientation in family therapy: Toward a postgender approach. Family Relations, 54(1), 101–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahti, S. L. (1993). An ethnographic study of filial therapy process (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, Denton, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, A 53(08), 2691.

  • Landreth, G., & Bratton, S. (2006). Child parent relationship therapy. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laszlo, E. (1996). The systems view of the world. Cresskill NJ: Hampton Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGoldrick, M. (Ed.). (1998). Re-visioning family therapy: Race, culture and gender in clinical practice. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, R., Bass, L., Tuttle, A., Knudson-Martin, C., & Huenergardt, D. (2006). What does it mean to be relational? A framework for assessment and practice. Family Process, 45(4), 391–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solis, C. M., Meyers, J., & Varjas, K. (2004). A qualitative case study of the process and impact of filial therapy with an African American parent. International Journal of Play Therapy, 13(2), 99–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steen, R. L. (2005). Adapting filial therapy for families who have a child with a life- threatening illness (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, Denton, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International, B 65(8-B), 4306.

  • VanFleet, R. (1994). Filial therapy: Strenthening parent–child relationships through play. Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanFleet, R., Ryan, S., & Smith, S. (2005). Filial therapy: A critical review. In L. Reddy, T. Files-Hall, & C. Schaefer (Eds.), Empirically based play interventions for children (pp. 241–264). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, K. (2008). Filial therapy with parents court-referred for child maltreatment (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, A 68(8-A), 3300.

  • Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J. H., & Fisch, R. (1974). Change: Principles of problem formation and problem resolution. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wieling, E., & Rastagi, M. (2003). Voices of marriage and family therapists of color: An exploratory survey. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 15(1), 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winek, J., Johnson, L., Krepps, J., Lambert-Shute, J., Shaw, L., & Wiley, K. (2003). Discovering the moments of movement in filial therapy: A single case qualitative study. International Journal of Play Therapy, 12(1), 89–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Carmen Knudson-Martin, PhD, for her contribution to this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. F. T. Amy Wickstrom.

Appendix

Appendix

Focus Group Prewritten, Open-Ended Questions

  1. 1.

    Tell me about your experience with CPRT.

  2. 2.

    What did you notice in yourself as a parent as you went through the group? In your child?

  3. 3.

    After participating in the group, what do you do differently now? How are your relationships different?

  4. 4.

    Did you have any challenges going through the group?

  5. 5.

    Are there areas you find yourself still struggling, like needing clarity or a deeper understanding of certain skills?

  6. 6.

    Are you interested in consolidating and further developing the skills you learned in CPRT? If so, what kind of help would you like?

  7. 7.

    Would supervision (4 h each month for 4 months total) facilitate consolidating, as well as further developing, your CPRT skills and the aforementioned changes?

  8. 8.

    Aforementioned changes?

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Amy Wickstrom, M.F.T. The Process of Systemic Change in Filial Therapy: A Phenomenological Study of Parent Experience. Contemp Fam Ther 31, 193–208 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-009-9089-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-009-9089-3

Keywords

Navigation