Abstract
Farmers’ perceptions about climate change may help to explain the farming systems that they adopt and the effectiveness of their production practices in mitigating the negative impacts of the agricultural sector on the environment. This study analyzed the perceptions of 273 farmers participating in the Sustainable Rural Project—a large-scale climate change mitigation project in Brazil—that promoted the adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies in the Brazilian Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes. Using a principal component analysis, we developed a Climate Change Perception Indicator (CCPI): an index to categorize farmers according to their perceptions about the impacts of climate change on agriculture. Our results indicate that farmers’ motivations to adopt sustainable agricultural practices were strongly driven by economic factors. We also found evidence to suggest that political agendas can influence farmers’ environmental perceptions. Moreover, older farmers with a higher level of education and more experience tended to demonstrate a stronger concern about climate change. However, the level of adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies was generally low, and a lack of technical knowledge and financial support may hinder widespread adoption of these practices. Thus, an approach that includes consideration of farmers’ perceptions about the impacts of climate change on their business may improve outcomes from the Sustainable Rural Project and other projects that aim to enhance the adoption of sustainable agriculture technologies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The dataset generated during the current study is available in the supplementary material.
Change history
18 January 2024
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03681-x
References
Adger WN, Agrawala S, Mirza MMQ, Conde C, O'Brien K, Pulhin J, Pulwarty R, Smit B, Takahashi K (2007) Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In: Parry M, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate Change 2007 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, pp 717–743
Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J (2012) World Agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. Italy, Rome
Alves-Pinto HN, Latawiec AE, Strassburg BBN et al (2017) Reconciling rural development and ecological restoration: strategies and policy recommendations for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Land Use Policy 60:419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.004
Arbuckle JG, Morton LW, Hobbs J (2013) Farmer beliefs and concerns about climate change and attitudes toward adaptation and mitigation: evidence from Iowa. Clim Change 118:551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0700-0
Arbuckle JG, Tyndall JC, Morton LW, Hobbs J (2017) Climate change typologies and audience segmentation among Corn Belt farmers. J Soil Water Conserv 72:205–214. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.72.3.205
Arvor D, Daugeard M, Tritsch I et al (2018) Combining socioeconomic development with environmental governance in the Brazilian Amazon: the Mato Grosso agricultural frontier at a tipping point. Environ Dev Sustain 20:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9889-1
ASCEMA (2020) Cronologia de um desastre anunciado: ações do governo Bolsonaro para desmontar as políticas de meio ambiente no Brasil. Associação Nacional dos Servidores de Meio Ambiente. Brasilia - DF, Brasil. available at: https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Documentos/Cronologia-de-um-desastre-anunçado-acoes-do-Governo-Bolsonaro-para-desmontar-as-politicas-de-Meio-Ambiente-no-Brasil
Assad ED, Ribeiro RRR, Nakai AM (2019) Assessments and how an increase in temperature may have an impact on agriculture in Brazil and mapping of the current and future situation. Climate change risks in Brazil. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 31–65
Banco Central do Brasil - Bacen (2022) ABC Plan - Rural Credit Report. Credit Granted Statistics. https://www.bcb.gov.br/estabilidadefinanceira/reportmicrrural/?path=conteudo%2FMDCR%2FReports%2FqvcModalidadeProduto.rdl. Accessed 7 Mar 2022
Barbosa LG, Alves MAS, Grelle CEV (2021) Actions against sustainability: dismantling of the environmental policies in Brazil. Land Use Policy 104:105384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105384
Barlow J, Berenguer E, Carmenta R, França F (2020) Clarifying Amazonia’s burning crisis. Glob Chang Biol 26:319–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14872
Barnes AP, Toma L (2012) A typology of dairy farmer perceptions towards climate change. Clim Change 112:507–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0226-2
Barros GSADC (2016) Medindo o crescimento do agronegócio: bonança externa e preços relativos. In: Filho JERV, Gasques JG (eds) Agricultura, transformação produtiva e sustentabilidade. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA, Brasília - DF, Brazil
Becker BK (2005) Geopolítica da amazônia. Estudos Avançados 19:71–86. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-40142005000100005
Brancalion PHS, Garcia LC, Loyola R et al (2016) A critical analysis of the native vegetation protection law of Brazil (2012): updates and ongoing initiatives. Nat Conserv 14:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.03.003
Brasil (2010) Presidência da República. Casa Civil. Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Decreto No 7.390 de 09 de Dezembro de 2010 - Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima. Available at: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/decreto/d7390.htm
Brasil (2012a) Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Plano setorial de mitigação e de adaptação às mudanças climáticas para a consolidação de uma economia de baixa emissão de carbono na agricultura: plano ABC (Agricultura de Baixa Emissão de Carbono) / Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário, coordenação da Casa Civil da Presidência da República. – MAPA/ACS, Brasília, p 173
Brasil (2012b) Presidência da República. Casa Civil. Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Lei No 12.651, de 25 de Maio de 2012 - Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro. Available at: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12651.htm
Carrer MJ, Maia AG, de Mello Brandão Vinholis M, de Souza Filho HM, (2020) Assessing the effectiveness of rural credit policy on the adoption of integrated crop-livestock systems in Brazil. Land Use Policy 92:104468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104468
Carter TR (2013) Multi-model yield projections. Nat Clim Chang 3:784–786. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1995
Carvalho WD, Mustin K, Hilário RR et al (2019) Deforestation control in the Brazilian Amazon: a conservation struggle being lost as agreements and regulations are subverted and bypassed. Perspect Ecol Conserv 17:122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.06.002
Castle SE, Miller DC, Ordonez PJ, Baylis K, Hughes K (2021) The impacts of agroforestry interventions on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well‐being in low‐and middle‐income countries: a systematic review. Campbell Syst Rev 17(2):e1167
Caviglia-Harris J, Sills E, Bell A et al (2016) Busting the boom–bust pattern of development in the Brazilian Amazon. World Dev 79:82–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.040
Condé TM, Tonini H, Higuchi N, Higuchi FG, Lima AJN, Barbosa RI, ... & Haas, M. A. (2022). Effects of sustainable forest management on tree diversity, timber volumes, and carbon stocks in an ecotone forest in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Land use policy 119: 106145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106145
da Cruz DC, Benayas JMR, Ferreira GC et al (2021) An overview of forest loss and restoration in the Brazilian Amazon. New for 52:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-020-09777-3
Davis AS, Hill JD, Chase CA et al (2012) Increasing cropping system diversity balances productivity, profitability and environmental health. PLoS ONE 7(10):e47149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047149
de Haen H, Réquillart V (2014) Linkages between sustainable consumption and sustainable production: some suggestions for foresight work. Food Secur 6:87–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0323-3
de Oliveira SR, Barioni LG, Hall JAJ et al (2017) Sustainable intensification of Brazilian livestock production through optimized pasture restoration. Agric Syst 153:201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.02.001
DEFRA (2008) Understanding behaviors in a farming context: Bringing theoretical and applied evidence together from across Defra and highlighting policy relevance and implications for future research. In: Defra Agricultural Change and Environment Observatory Discussion Paper. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London
dos Reis JC, Kamoi MYT, Latorraca D et al (2020) Assessing the economic viability of integrated crop−livestock systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Renew Agric Food Syst 35:631–642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170519000280
Evans C, Storer C, Wardell-Johnson A (2011) Rural farming community climate change acceptance: impact of science and government credibility. Int J Sociol Agric Food 18:217–235. https://doi.org/10.48416/ijsaf.v18i3.246
FAO (2015) Climate change and food security: risks and responses. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Ferreira Filho DB, Paranhos R, da Rocha EC, Junior JADS, Maia RG (2013) Análise de componentes principais para construção de indicadores sociais. Revista Brasileira de Biometria 31(1):61–78
Foguesatto CR, Borges JAR, Machado JAD (2019) Farmers’ typologies regarding environmental values and climate change: evidence from southern Brazil. J Clean Prod 232:400–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.275
Foley JA, Ramankutty N, Brauman KA et al (2011) Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478:337–342. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10452
Freitas RE (2016) A agropecuária e seus processados na balança comercial brasileira. In: Vieira Filho JER, Gasques JG (eds) Agricultura, transformação produtiva e sustentabilidade, vol 1, 1st edn. IPEA, Brasília, pp 281–300
Gianetti GW, Ferreira Filho JBDS (2021) O Plano e Programa ABC: uma análise da alocação dos recursos. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 59(1):e216524. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2021.216524
Gibbs HK, Munger J, L’Roe J et al (2016) Did ranchers and slaughterhouses respond to zero-deforestation agreements in the Brazilian Amazon? Conserv Lett 9:32–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12175
Gibbs HK, Rausch L, Munger J, Schelly I, Morton DC, Noojipady P, Soares-Filho B, Barreto P, Micol L, Walker NF (2015) Brazil’s soy moratorium. Science 347:377–378. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0181
Gil JDB, Garrett RD, Rotz A et al (2018) Tradeoffs in the quest for climate smart agricultural intensification in Mato Grosso. Brazil Environ Res Lett 13:064025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aac4d1
Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR et al (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science (80) 327:812–818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383
Gwimbi P (2009) Cotton farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in Gokwe District (Zimbabwe): impact and influencing factors. Jàmbá J Disaster Risk Stud 2. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v2i2.17
Hair JF, Black WC, Black B et al (2009) Multivariate data analysis, 7th editio. Prentice-Hall
Howden SM, Soussana J-F, Tubiello FN et al (2007) Adapting agriculture to climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:19691–19696. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701890104
Hyland JJ, Jones DL, Parkhill KA et al (2016) Farmers’ perceptions of climate change: identifying types. Agric Human Values 33:323–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9608-9
INPE (2021) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE. PRODES - Programa de Monitoramento da Floresta Amazonica Brasileira por Satelite. http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/assuntos/programas/amazonia/prodes. Accessed 25 Jul 2021
IPCC (2013) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Cambridge, CA, UK and New York, NY, US
Jellason N, Baines R, Conway J, Ogbaga C (2019) Climate change perceptions and attitudes to smallholder adaptation in Northwestern Nigerian Drylands. Soc Sci 8:31. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8020031
Joly CA, Metzger JP, Tabarelli M (2014) Experiences from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: ecological findings and conservation initiatives. New Phytol 204:459–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12989
Kastens JH, Brown JC, Coutinho AC et al (2017) Soy moratorium impacts on soybean and deforestation dynamics in Mato Grosso. Brazil Plos One 12:e0176168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176168
Kruid S, Macedo MN, Gorelik SR, et al (2021) Beyond deforestation: carbon emissions from land grabbing and forest degradation in the Brazilian Amazon. Front For Glob Chang 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.645282
Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33(1):159–174
Latawiec AE, Strassburg BBN, Silva D et al (2017) Improving land management in Brazil: a perspective from producers. Agric Ecosyst Environ 240:276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.043
Lindoso DP, Rocha JD, Debortoli N et al (2014) Integrated assessment of smallholder farming’s vulnerability to drought in the Brazilian Semi-arid: a case study in Ceará. Clim Change 127:93–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1116-1
Lira PK, Tambosi LR, Ewers RM, Metzger JP (2012) Land-use and land-cover change in Atlantic Forest landscapes. For Ecol Manage 278:80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.008
Litre G, Nasuti S, Gucciardi Garcez CA et al (2014) From rainforests to drylands: comparing family farmers’ perceptions of climate change in three Brazilian biomes. In: Leal Filho W, Alves F, Caeiro S, Azeiteiro U (eds) International Perspectives on Climate Change. Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04489-7_12
Lobell DB, Burke MB, Tebaldi C et al (2008) Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science (80-) 319:607–610. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152339
Malhi Y, Roberts JT, Betts RA et al (2008) Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science (80-) 319:169–172. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1146961
Manda J, Alene AD, Gardebroek C et al (2016) Adoption and impacts of sustainable agricultural practices on maize yields and incomes: evidence from rural Zambia. J Agric Econ 67:130–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12127
MAPA (2017) Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento - Valor Bruto da Produção Agropecuária (VBP). http://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/politica-agricola/valor-bruto-da-producao-agropecuaria-vbp. Accessed 17 Sep 2018
Matos PS, Cherubin MR, Damian JM, Rocha FI, Pereira MG, Zonta E (2022) Short-term effects of agroforestry systems on soil health in Southeastern Brazil. Agrofor Syst 96(5–6):897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-022-00749-4
Mertz O, Mbow C, Reenberg A, Diouf A (2009) Farmers’ perceptions of climate change and agricultural adaptation strategies in rural Sahel. Environ Manage 43:804–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9197-0
Moraes LFD, Assumpcao JM, Pereira TS, Luchiari C (2013) Manual técnico para a restauração de áreas degradadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, p 84
Morgan MI, Hine DW, Bhullar N, Loi NM (2015) Landholder adoption of low emission agricultural practices: A profiling approach. J Environ Psychol 41:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.004
Newton P, Gomez AEA, Jung S, et al (2016) Overcoming barriers to low carbon agriculture and forest restoration in Brazil: the rural Sustentável project. World Dev Perspect 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2016.11.011
Pallant J (2011) Survival manual. In: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS, 4th edn. Allen & Unwin, Berkshire
Picoli MCA, Camara G, Sanches I et al (2018) Big earth observation time series analysis for monitoring Brazilian agriculture. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 145:328–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.08.007
Rattis L, Brando PM, Macedo MN et al (2021) Climatic limit for agriculture in Brazil. Nat Clim Chang 11:1098–1104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01214-3
Rezende CL, Scarano FR, Assad ED et al (2018) From hotspot to hopespot: an opportunity for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Perspect Ecol Conserv 16:208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2018.10.002
Ribeiro MC, Metzger JP, Martensen AC et al (2009) The Brazilian Atlantic forest: how much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biol Conserv 142:1141–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.021
Ricart S, Olcina J, Rico AM (2018) Evaluating public attitudes and farmers’ beliefs towards climate change adaptation: awareness, perception, and populism at European level. Land 8(1):4
Robert M, Thomas A, Sekhar M et al (2017) Farm typology in the Berambadi Watershed (India): farming systems are determined by farm size and access to groundwater. Water 9:51. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010051
Rodrigues-Filho S, Verburg R, Bursztyn M et al (2015) Election-driven weakening of deforestation control in the Brazilian Amazon. Land Use Policy 43:111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.11.002
Ros-Tonen MA, Van Andel T, Morsello C, Otsuki K, Rosendo S, Scholz I (2008) Forest-related partnerships in Brazilian Amazonia: there is more to sustainable forest management than reduced impact logging. For Ecol Manage 256(7):1482–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.044
Rural Sustainable Project (2022) Rural Sustainable Project. http://mata-atlantica-amazonia.ruralsustentavel.org/. Accessed 7 Mar 2022
Sagastuy M, Krause T (2019) Agroforestry as a biodiversity conservation tool in the atlantic forest? Motivations and limitations for small-scale farmers to implement agroforestry systems in north-eastern Brazil. Sustainability 11(24):6932. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246932
Scarano FR, Ceotto P (2015) Brazilian Atlantic forest: impact, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change. Biodivers Conserv 24:2319–2331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0972-y
SENAR (2018) Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural - SENAR. Recuperação de áreas degradadas. Projeto Rural SUstentável. Termo de cooperação técnica e execução no 001/2017. Available at : https://editora.iabs.org.br/site/index.php/portfolio-items/recuperacao-de-areas-degradadas-rad/
Silva Junior CHL, Pessôa ACM, Carvalho NS et al (2021) The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. Nat Ecol Evol 5:144–145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01368-x
Simoes R, Picoli MCA, Camara G et al (2020) Land use and cover maps for Mato Grosso State in Brazil from 2001 to 2017. Sci Data 7:34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0371-4
Soares-Filho B, Rajão R, Macedo M et al (2014) Cracking Brazil’s Forest Code. Science (80-) 344:363–364. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246663
Stabile MCC, Azevedo A, Nepstad D (2012) Brazil’s “Low Carbon Agriculture Program”: barriers to implementation. Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Belém
Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockström J et al (2015) Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science (80-) 347:1259855–1259855. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855
Strand J, Soares-Filho B, Costa MH et al (2018) Spatially explicit valuation of the Brazilian Amazon Forest’s Ecosystem Services. Nat Sustain 1:657–664. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0175-0
Strassburg BBN, Latawiec AE, Barioni LG et al (2014) When enough should be enough: Improving the use of current agricultural lands could meet production demands and spare natural habitats in Brazil. Glob Environ Chang 28:84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.001
Talanow K, Topp EN, Loos J, Martín-López B (2021) Farmers’ perceptions of climate change and adaptation strategies in South Africa’s Western Cape. J Rural Stud 81:203–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.026
Tubiello FN, Salvatore M, Ferrara AF et al (2015) The contribution of agriculture, forestry and other land use activities to global warming, 1990–2012. Glob Chang Biol 21:2655–2660. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12865
UNEP (2011) Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication. United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva
United Nations (2017) World population prospects 2017. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York
Urzedo DI, Neilson J, Fisher R, Junqueira RGP (2020) A global production network for ecosystem services: the emergent governance of landscape restoration in the Brazilian Amazon. Glob Environ Chang 61:102059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102059
Funding
This research was developed within the framework of the Sustainable Rural Project – Amazon and Atlantic Forest, funded by Technical Cooperation approved by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), with resources from the UK Government’s International Climate Finance, with the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) as institutional beneficiary. The Brazilian Institute for Development and Sustainability (IABS) is responsible for the execution and administration of the project and the ILPF Network Association, through the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) is responsible for the scientific coordination and technical support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TMdPT: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft. RFdAC: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft. JCdR: Conceptualization, investigation, writing—original draft. RB: Methodology, writing (original draft), formal analysis. PN: Writing, original draft; writing, review and editing; formal analysis. RdARR: Writing—review and editing. AMHCdO: Conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original online version of this article was revised: In this article the afliation details for Rayna Benzeev and Peter Newton were incorrectly given as ‘Environment and Society Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303–0397, USA’ but should have been ‘Department of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA’.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tanure, T., Faria de Abreu Campos, R., dos Reis, J.C. et al. Farmers’ perceptions of climate change affect their adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies in the Brazilian Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes. Climatic Change 177, 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03657-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03657-3