Fig. 5

Causal loop diagram of climate change, food insecurity and societal collapse in contemporary society at global scale and national granularity. Variables are depicted as nodes in five different shapes, indicating different sub-systems. Links between variables are depicted as arrowed lines, indicating the direction of the relationship. Each link has a positive (+) or negative (−) notation, indicating that the two variables change in the same direction or opposite direction, respectively. The density and type of data-driven method of the empirical evidence base, from which the causal loop diagram was constructed, are depicted by line thickness and colour, respectively