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Past ‘peak water’ in the North Caucasus: deglaciation drives a reduction in glacial runoff impacting summer river runoff and peak discharges

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Abstract

At the end of the 20th—early twenty-first century, mountain glaciers exhibited the most negative mass balances since the beginning of observations. The hydrological consequence of deglaciation is a rise in glacial runoff until a maximum (‘peak water’) is reached, beyond which runoff decreases as glacier extents are reduced. It is likely that the peak water of glacial runoff has already been passed in the central North Caucasus. River basins with more than 1% glacier cover show consistent decreases in mean monthly discharge in July and August (up to 4–6% per decade during 1945–2018), when glacier meltwater contribution to river runoff is high. Meanwhile, in neighbouring non-glacierised basins, runoff in July and August mostly rose. The runoff in June, when glaciers are typically mostly covered by seasonal snowpack, has increased by 2–9% at most gauges. Hydrological data from the Djankuat alpine research catchment in the central North Caucasus indicate a reduction of glacial runoff contribution in recent decades, as the area reduction of Djankuat glacier and increase in debris cover compensate for the increase in glacier melt. The Djankuat river runoff decreased by 29% in July, 42% in August, and 26% in September in 2007–2020 compared with 1968–1978. The mean annual peak discharge has dropped by 1–5% per decade in the central North Caucasus, and it occurs 1–2 weeks earlier. Possible mechanisms of observed changes are discussed. This study provides the data on climate-related changes in the glacial runoff for a previously not investigated region.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 17-77-10169—for the calculation and analysis of peak runoff and water availability during the vegetation period), the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists MK-2936.2019.5 for processing hydrological observational data from the Djankuat research basin, and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research 18-05-00420—for Djankuat glacier mass balance analysis. The authors would like to thank Maya B. Zaslavskaya for help with obtaining the archive observational data for the Djankuat research basin.

Data availability statement

The data from the Djankuat research basin for the recent period of observation, 2007–2017, that support the findings of this study are openly available in Pangaea at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894807.

The archive hydrological data (1968–1978) was obtained from manuscripts (Bochin and Krenke 1980; Bochin and Krenke 1987; Golovleva 1980; Mastakova 1978).

The hydrological data from the hydrological station of the Russian Hydrometeorological State Service is available from the official editions of the Russian Hydrometeorological State Service.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia

    Ekaterina P. Rets & Ivan N. Durmanov

  2. Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia

    Maria B. Kireeva & Viktor V. Popovnin

  3. Laboratory of Glaciology, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119017, Russia

    Andrew M. Smirnov

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  1. Ekaterina P. Rets
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  2. Ivan N. Durmanov
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Correspondence to Ekaterina P. Rets.

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Rets, E.P., Durmanov, I.N., Kireeva, M.B. et al. Past ‘peak water’ in the North Caucasus: deglaciation drives a reduction in glacial runoff impacting summer river runoff and peak discharges. Climatic Change 163, 2135–2151 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02931-y

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