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Global fossil energy markets and climate change mitigation – an analysis with REMIND

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Abstract

We analyze the dynamics of global fossil resource markets under different assumptions for the supply of fossil fuel resources, development pathways for energy demand, and climate policy settings. Resource markets, in particular the oil market, are characterized by a large discrepancy between costs of resource extraction and commodity prices on international markets. We explain this observation in terms of (a) the intertemporal scarcity rent, (b) regional price differentials arising from trade and transport costs, (c) heterogeneity and inertia in the extraction sector. These effects are captured by the REMIND model. We use the model to explore economic effects of changes in coal, oil and gas markets induced by climate-change mitigation policies. A large share of fossil fuel reserves and resources will be used in the absence of climate policy leading to atmospheric GHG concentrations well beyond a level of 550 ppm CO2-eq. This result holds independently of different assumptions about energy demand and fossil fuel availability. Achieving ambitious climate targets will drastically reduce fossil fuel consumption, in particular the consumption of coal. Conventional oil and gas as well as non-conventional oil reserves are still exhausted. We find the net present value of fossil fuel rent until 2100 at 30tril.US$ with a large share of oil and a small share of coal. This is reduced by 9 and 12tril.US$ to achieve climate stabilization at 550 and 450 ppm CO2-eq, respectively. This loss is, however, overcompensated by revenues from carbon pricing that are 21 and 32tril.US$, respectively. The overcompensation also holds under variations of energy demand and fossil fuel supply.

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Notes

  1. Rents are the discounted stream of annual profits of a region from selling fossil resources. For each region we use the domestic price as well as the production costs and the domestic transportation costs. The international transportation costs need not be taken into account because they are equivalent to the price differences to the international market price. See also Fig. S7 & 8.

  2. This sensitivity is also observed in the GCAM and the WITCH model. Hence, the result is a property of variations in assumptions and not model-specific.

  3. The Weak Policy scenario leads to cumulative emission reductions of only 840GtCO2 mainly due to 6.1ZJ less coal consumption.

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by Stiftung Mercator (http://www.stiftung-mercator.de). Funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the Call “Economics of Climate Change” (funding code 01LA11020B, Green Paradox) is gratefully acknowledged by Nico Bauer.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany

    Nico Bauer, Ioanna Mouratiadou, Gunnar Luderer, Lavinia Baumstark, Ottmar Edenhofer & Elmar Kriegler

  2. Department of Physics, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA

    Robert J. Brecha

Authors
  1. Nico Bauer
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  2. Ioanna Mouratiadou
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  3. Gunnar Luderer
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  4. Lavinia Baumstark
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  5. Robert J. Brecha
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  6. Ottmar Edenhofer
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  7. Elmar Kriegler
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Correspondence to Nico Bauer.

Additional information

This article is part of a Special Issue on “The Impact of Economic Growth and Fossil Fuel Availability on Climate Protection: Introduction to the RoSE Special Issue” with Guest Editors Elmar Kriegler, Ottmar Edenhofer, Ioanna Mouratiadou, Gunnar Luderer, and Jae Edmonds.

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Bauer, N., Mouratiadou, I., Luderer, G. et al. Global fossil energy markets and climate change mitigation – an analysis with REMIND. Climatic Change 136, 69–82 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0901-6

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