Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Historical Climatology In Europe – The State Of The Art

Climatic Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper discusses the state of European research in historical climatology. This field of science and an overview of its development are described in detail. Special attention is given to the documentary evidence used for data sources, including its drawbacks and advantages. Further, methods and significant results of historical-climatological research, mainly achieved since 1990, are presented. The main focus concentrates on data, methods, definitions of the “Medieval Warm Period” and the “Little Ice Age”, synoptic interpretation of past climates, climatic anomalies and natural disasters, and the vulnerability of economies and societies to climate as well as images and social representations of past weather and climate. The potential of historical climatology for climate modelling research is discussed briefly. Research perspectives in historical climatology are formulated with reference to data, methods, interdisciplinarity and impacts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alcoforado, M.-J., de F. Nunes, M., Garcia J. C., and Taborda, J. P.: 2000, ‘Temperature and precipitation reconstruction in southern Portugal during the Late Maunder Minimum (AD 1675–1715)’, Holocene 10, 333–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandre, P.: 1987, Le climat en Europe au Moyen Age. Contribution à l’historie des variations climatiques de 1000 à 1425, d’après les sources narratives de l’Europe occidentale, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, 825 pp.

  • Amberg, B.: 1890, Beiträge zur Chronik der Witterung und verwandter Naturerscheinungen mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Gebiet der Reuss und der angrenzenden Gebiete der Aare und des Rheines, Jahresber. Höh. Lehranst. Luzern, 86 pp.

  • Angot, A.: 1885, ‘Etude sur les Vendanges en France’, Annales du Bureau Central Météorologique de France, publiées par E. Mascart. Année 1883. I. Étude des orages en France et Mémoires divers. Paris, B.29–B.120 (sic!).

  • Angot, A.: 1895, Première catalogue des observations météorologiques faites en France depuis l’origine jusqu’en 1850, Annales du Bureau Central Métérologique de France, Paris.

  • Appleby, A. B.: 1981, ‘Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age’, in Rotberg, R. I., and Rabb, T. K. (eds.), Climate and History. Studies in Interdisciplinary History, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 63–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, H.: 1984, Kalenderarithmetik, Juris, Zürich, 104 pp.

  • Baker, A., Proctor, C. J., and Barnes, W. L.: 2002, ‘Stalagmite lamina doublets: A 1,000 year record of severe winters in NW Scotland?’, Int. J. Climatol. 22, 1339–1345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balandin, R. K.: 1975, Puls zemnikh stichiy, Mysl, Moskva, 206 pp. German translation: Naturkatastrophen. Der Pulsschlag der Naturgewalten. Teubner, Leipzig 1988.

  • Barash, S. I.: 1989, Istoriya neurozhayev i pogody v Evrope (po XVI v. n. e.), Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 238 pp.

  • Barriendos, M.: 1997, ‘Climatic variations in the Iberian Peninsula during the late Maunder Minimum (AD 1675–1715): An analysis of data from rogation ceremonies’, Holocene 7, 105–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barriendos, M. and Dannecker, A.: 1999, ‘La sequia de 1812-1824 en la costa central catalana. Consideraciones climaticas e impacto social del evento’, in Nadal, R., José, M. and Martín-Vide, J. (eds.), La climatologia espanola en los albores del siglo XXI, Villassar de Mar, pp. 53–62.

  • Barriendos, M. and Martín-Vide, J.: 1998, ‘Secular climate oscillations as indicated by catastrophic floods in the Spanish Mediterranean coastal area (14th–19th centuries)’, Clim. Change 38, 473–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baten, J.: 2002, ‘Human stature and climate: The impact of past climate on living standards’, in Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Behre, K.-E., and Jansen, E. (eds.), Climate Development and History in the North Atlantic Realm, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo, pp. 327–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, E., Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., and Huenerbein, A.: 2003, ‘Assessing climate forcings of the Earth system for the past millennium’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1276–1279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauernfeind, W.: 1993, Materielle Grundstrukturen im Spätmittelalter und der Frühen Neuzeit, Preisentwicklung und Agrarkonjunktur am Nürnberger Getreidemarkt von 1339 bis 1670, Universitätsbund Erlangen-Nürnberg, 320 pp.

  • Bauernfeind, W. and Woitek, U.: 1999, ‘The influence of climatic change on price fluctuations in Germany during the 16th century price revolution’, Clim. Change 43, 303–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, R. A.: 1993, ‘Viewpoint: Climate, liberalism and intolerance’, Weather 48, 63–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behringer, W.: 1999, ‘Climatic change and witch-hunting: The impact of the Little Ice Age on mentalities’, Clim. Change 43, 335–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behringer, W., Lehmann, H., and Pfister, C. (eds.): in press, Kulturelle Konsequenzen der Kleinen Eiszeit - Cultural Consequences of the Little Ice Age, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, Göttingen.

  • Bell, W. T. and Ogilvie, A. E. J.: 1978, ‘Weather compilations as a source of data for the reconstruction of European climate during the medieval period’, Clim. Change 1, 331–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benito, G., Diéz-Herrero, A., and Fernández de Villalta, M.: 2003, ‘Magnitude and frequency of flooding in the Tagus basin (Central Spain) over the last millennium’, Clim. Change 58, 171–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergström, H. and Moberg, A.: 2002, ‘Daily air temperature and pressure series for Uppsala (1722–1998)’, Clim. Change 53, 213–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt, K. and Mäder, C.: 1987, ‘Statistische Auswertung von Berichten über bemerkenswerte Witterungsereignisse seit dem Jahre 1000’, Z. Meteorol. 37, 120–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokwa, A., Limanówka, D., and Wibig, J.: 2001, ‘Pre-instrumental weather observations in Poland in the 16th and 17th centuries’, in Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Davies, T. D., and Briffa, K. R. (eds.), History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 9–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonardi, L.: 1996, ‘Elementi per una storia del clima nella montagna lombarda centro-orientale’, Rivista Geografica Italiana 103, 405–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonardi, L.: 2000, ‘Le cause climatiche del Maximum Glaciale del periodo 1815–1820 nelle Alpi Lombarde: un ipotesi qualitativa’, Terra glacialis 3, 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borisenkov, Ye. P.: 1992, ‘Documentary evidence from the U.S.S.R.’, in Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D. (eds.), Climate Since A.D. 1500, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 171–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borisenkov, Ye. P. and Pasetskiy, V. M.: 1988, Tysyatcheletnaya letopis neobytchaynykh yavleniy prirody, Mysl, Moskva, 524 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bork, H. R., Bork, H., Dalchow, C., Faust, B., Piorr, H.-P., and Schatz, T.: 1998, Landschaftsentwicklung in Mitteleuropa. Wirkungen des Menschen auf Landschaften, Klett-Perthes, Gotha, Stuttgart, 328 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Börngen, M. and Tetzlaff, G.: 2000, ‘The weather report during 1652–1659 of Mauritius Knauer at Langheim (NE Bavaria, Germany) as a source of quantitative data’, Meteorol. Zeitschrift 9, 308–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S.: 1996, ‘Are there optimum sites for global paleotemperature reconstruction?’, in Jones, P. D., Bradley, R. S., and Jouzel, J. (eds.), Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 603–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S.: 1999, Paleoclimatology. Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, Academic Press, San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, 610 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S.: 2000, ‘Climate paradigms for the last millennium’, PAGES Newsletter 8, 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S., Briffa, K. R., Cole, J. E., Hughes, M. K., and Osborn, T. J.: 2003, ‘The climate of the last millennium’, in Alverson, K., Bradley, R. S., and Pedersen, T. F. (eds.), Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 105–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. K., and Diaz, H. F.: 2003, ‘Climate in medieval time’, Science 302, 404–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D. (eds.): 1992, Climate Since A.D. 1500, Routledge, London and New York, 679 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D.: 1993, “Little Ice Age’ summer temperature variations: their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends’, Holocene 3, 387–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R.: 1996, ‘Reconstructions of past climate from historical sources in the Czech lands’, in Jones, P. D., Bradley, R. S., and Jouzel, J. (eds.), Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 409–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R.: 1998, ‘The history of floods on the rivers Elbe and Vltava in Bohemia’, Erfurter Geogr. Studien 7, 93–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R.: 2000, ‘Historical climatology: Definition, data, methods, results’, Geogr. Čas. 52, 99–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R.: 2002, ‘Patterns of climate in Central Europe since Viking times’, in Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Behre, K.-E., and Jansen, E. (eds.), Climate Development and History in the North Atlantic Realm, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo, pp. 355–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., štekl, J., Kotyza, O., Valášek, H., and Jež, J.: in press, History of Weather and Climate in the Czech Lands VI. Strong winds, Masaryk University, Brno.

  • Brázdil, R. and Durďáková, M.: 2000, ‘The effect of weather factors on fluctuations of grain prices in the Czech Lands in the 16th–18th centuries’, Prace Geograficzne UJ 108, 19–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R., Glaser, R., Pfister, C., Dobrovolný, P., Antoine, J.-M., Barriendos, M., Camuffo, D., Deutsch, M., Enzi, S., Guidoboni, E., Kotyza, O., and Rodrigo, F. S.: 1999, ‘Floods events of selected European rivers in the sixteenth century’, Clim. Change 43, 239–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R. and Kiss, A.: 2001, ‘Daily weather observations at Košice, Slovakia, in the period 1677–1681’, Meteorol. Čas. 4, 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R. and Kotyza, O.: 1995, History of Weather and Climate in the Czech Lands I (Period 1000-1500), Zürcher Geographische Schriften 62, Zürich, 260 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R. and Kotyza, O.: 1996, History of Weather and Climate in the Czech Lands II. The Earliest Daily Observations of the Weather in the Czech Lands, Masaryk University, Brno, 178 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R. and Kotyza, O.: 1999, History of Weather and Climate in the Czech Lands III. Daily Weather Records in the Czech Lands in the Sixteenth Century II, Masaryk University, Brno, 228 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R. and Kotyza, O.: 2000, History of Weather and Climate in the Czech Lands IV. Utilisation of Economic Sources for the Study of Climate Fluctuation at Louny and Surroundings in the Fifteenth-Seventeenth Centuries, Masaryk University, Brno, 350 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R., štěpánek, P., and Vais, T.: 1998, ‘Časová a prostorová analýza bouřek, krupobití a extrémních srážek v jižní části Moravy v období 1946–1995’, Meteorol. Zpr. 51, 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R., štěpánková, P., Kyncl, T., and Kyncl, J.: 2002a, ‘Fir tree-ring reconstruction of March-July precipitation in southern Moravia (Czech Republic), 1376–1996’, Clim. Res. 20, 223–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R. and Valášek, H.: 2002, ‘Meteorologická měření a pozorování v Zákupech v letech 1718-1720’, Geografie –Sbor. Čes. Geogr. Spol. 107, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R. and Valášek, H.: 2003, ‘Use of historic data in studying damage due to natural disasters at the domain of Pernštejn in the period 1694–1718 and as a source of information for the study of meteorological and hydrological extremes’, Meteorol. Čas. 6, 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R., Valášek, H., Luterbacher, J., and Macková, J.: 2001, ‘Die Hungerjahre 1770–1772 in den böhmischen Ländern. Verlauf, meteorologische Ursachen und Auswirkungen’, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 12, 44–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R., Valášek, H., and Macková, J.: 2003a, ‘Climate in the Czech Lands during the 1780s in light of the daily weather records of parson Karel Bernard Hein of Hodonice (southwestern Moravia): Comparison of documentary and instrumental data’, Clim. Change 60, 297–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R., Valášek, H., and Sviták, Z.: 2003b, ‘Meteorological and hydrological extremes in the Dietrichstein domains of Dolní Kounice and Mikulov between 1650 and 1849 according to official economic records of natural disasters’, Geogr. Čas. 55, 325–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brázdil, R., Valášek, H., Sviták, Z., and Macková, J.: 2002b, History of Weather and Climate in the Czech Lands V. Instrumental meteorological measurements in Moravia up to the end of the eighteenth century, Masaryk University, Brno, 250 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briffa, K. R., Jones, P. D., Schweingruber, F. H., and Osborn, T. J.: 1998, ‘Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years’, Nature 393, 450–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briffa, K. R. and Osborn, T. J.: 2002, ‘Blowing hot and cold’, Science 295, 2227–2228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briffa, K. R., Osborn, T. J., Schweingruber, F. H., Harris, I. C., Jones, P. D., Shiyatov, S. G., and Vaganov, E. A.: 2001, ‘Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree-ring-density network’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 2929–2941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S.: 2001, ‘Was the Medieval Warm Period global?’, Science 291, 1497–1499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, C. E. P.: 1926, Climate Trough the Ages. A Study of the Climatic Factors and Their Variations, Ernest Benn Limited, London, 439 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, N.: 2001, History and Climate Change. A Eurocentric Perspective, Routledge, London and New York, 391 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brönnimann, S.: 2002, ‘Picturing climate change’, Clim. Res. 22, 87–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brückner, E.: 1890, Klimaschwankungen seit 1700 nebst Bemerkungen über die Klimaschwankungen der Diluvialzeit, Geographische Abhandlungen herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Albrecht Penck in Wien, E. D. Hölzel, Wien and Olmütz, 325 pp.

  • Buckland, P. C. and Wagner, P. E.: 2001, ‘Is there an insect signal for the “Little Ice Age?”’, Clim. Change 48, 137–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buisman, J. and van Engelen, A.: 1995–2000, Duizend Jaar Weer, Wind en Water in de Lage Landen, Franeker, Van Wijnen, vol. 1, to 1300 (1995), 656 pp.; vol. 2, 1300–1450 (1996), 690 pp.; vol. 3, 1450–1575 (1998), 808 pp.; vol. 4, 1575–1675 (2000), 767 pp.

  • Camuffo, D.: 1987, ‘Freezing of the Venetian Lagoon since the 9th century A.D. in comparison to the climate of Western Europe and England’, Clim. Change 10, 43–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camuffo, D.: 2002a, ‘History of the long series of the air temperature in Padova (1725-today)’, Clim. Change 53, 7–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camuffo, D.: 2002b, ‘Calibration and instrumental errors in early measurements of air temperature’, Clim. Change 53, 297–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camuffo, D.: 2002c, ‘Errors in early temperature series arising from changes in style of measuring time, sampling schedule and number of observations’, Clim. Change 53, 331–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camuffo, D. and Enzi, S.: 1992, ‘Critical analysis of archive sources for historical climatology of Northern Italy’, in Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Gläser, B. (eds.), European Climate Reconstructed from Documentary Data: Methods and Results, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, pp. 65–74.

  • Camuffo, D. and Enzi, S.: 1996, ‘The analysis of two bi-millenary series: Tiber and Po river floods’, in Jones, P. D., Bradley, R. S., and Jouzel, J. (eds.), Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 433–450.

  • Camuffo, D. and Jones, P. (eds.): 2002, Improved Understanding of Past Climate Variability from Early Daily European Instrumental Sources, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 392 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camuffo, D., Secco, C., Brimblecombe, P., and Martin-Vide, J.: 2000, ‘Sea storms in the Adriatic Sea and the Western Mediterranean during the last millennium’, Clim. Change 46, 209–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cernovodeanu, P. and Binder, P.: 1993, Cavalerii apocalipsului. Calamitatile naturale din trecutul Romaniei (pana la 1800),SILEX –Casa de Editura, Presa si Impresariat S.R.L., Bucuresti, 255 pp.

  • Changnon, D.: 1997, ‘Damaging storms in the United States: Selection of quality data and monitoring indices’, in Workshop on Indices and Indicators for Climate Extremes, NCDC, NOAA, Asheville, 24 pp.

  • Chernavskaya, M. M.: 1992, ‘Botanical indicators of the Little Ice Age in the Russian Plain’, in Mikami, T. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Little Ice Age Climate, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, pp. 65–70.

  • Chernavskaya, M. M.: 1995, ‘Klimat yevropeyskoy tchasti Rossii vo vtoroy polovine XVII i pervoy tchetverti XVIII vekov po istoritcheskim dannym’, Izvestiya Russkoy Akademii Nauk—Ser. Geogr. 1995, 97–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claiborne, R.: 1970, Climate, Man, and History, Norton, New York, 444 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates, P.: 1998, Nature. Western Attitude Since Ancient Times, Politiy Press, Oxford, 246 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocheo, C. and Camuffo, D.: 2002, ‘Corrections of systematic errors and data homogenisation in the Padova series (1725-today)’, Clim. Change 53, 77–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coeur, D.: 2003, La Maîtrise des Inondations dans la Plaine de Grenoble (XVIIe–XXe Siècle): Enjeux Techniques, Politiques et Urbains. 3 Vols Typoscript. Université Pierre Mendès France, Institut d’Urbanisme de Grenoble, Grenoble, 808 pp.

  • Cook, E. R., Briffa, K. R., and Jones, P. D.: 1994, ‘Spatial regression methods in dendroclimatology: A review and comparison of two techniques’, Int. J. Climatol. 14, 379–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, E. R., D’Arrigo, R. D., and Mann, M. E.: 2002, ‘A well-verified, multiproxy reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index since A.D. 1400’, J. Climate 15, 1754–1764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, M. E. (ed.): 1989, Famine: The Irish Experience 900-1900, Subsistence Crises and Famines in Ireland, John Donald Publishers LTD, Edinburgh, 242 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, T. J.: 2000, ‘Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years’, Science 289, 270–277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, T. J. and Lowery, T. S.: 2000, ‘How warm was the Medieval Warm Period?’, Ambio 29, 51–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubasch, U., Santer, B. D., Hellbach, A., Hegerl, G., Höck, H., Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., Stössel, A., and Voss, R.: 1994, ‘Monte Carlo climate change forecasts with a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model’, Clim. Dyn. 10, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cubasch, U., Voss, R., Hegerl, G., Waskewitz, J., and Crowley, T. J.: 1997, ‘Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model’, Clim. Dyn. 13, 757–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daley, R.: 1993, Atmospheric Data Analysis, Cambridge University Press, New York, 457 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, A. G., Hickey, K., McKenna, J., and Foster, I. D. L.: 1997, ‘A 200-year record of gale frequency, Edinburgh, Scotland: possible link with high-magnitude volcanic eruptions’, Holocene 7, 337–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Kraker, A. M. J.: 1999, ‘A method to assess the impact of high tides, storms and storm surges as vital elements in climatic history: The case of stormy weather and dikes in the northern part of Flanders, 1488 to 1609’, Clim. Change 43, 287–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Kraker, A. M. J.: 2002, ‘Historic storms in the North Sea area, an assessment of the storm data, the present position of research and the prospects for future research’, in Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Behre, K.-E., and Jansen, E. (eds.), Climate Development and History in the North Atlantic Realm, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo, pp. 415–434.

  • Demarée, G. R.: 1996, ‘The neo-hippocratic hypothesis –an integrated 18th century view on medicine, climate and environment’, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego –Prace Geograficzne 102, 515–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarée, G. R. and Ogilvie, A. E. J.: 2001, ‘Bons Baisers d’Islande: Climatic, Environmental, and Human Dimensions Impacts of the Lakagígar Eruption (1783–1784) in Iceland’, in Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Davies, T. D., and Briffa, K. R. (eds.), History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 219–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarée, G. R., Ogilvie, A. E. J., and Zhang, D.: 1998, ‘Further documentary evidence of Northern Hemispheric coverage of the great dry fog of 1783’, Clim. Change 39, 727–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMenocal, P. B.: 2001, ‘Cultural responses to climate change during the Late Holocene’, Science 292, 667–673.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, M. and Pörtge, K.-H.: 2002, Hochwasserereignisse in Thüringen, Thüringer Landesanstalt für Umwelt und Geologie, Schriftreihe 63, Jena, 99 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, M., Pörtge, K. H., and Teltscher, H. (eds.): 2000, Beiträge zum Hochwasser/ Hochwasserschutz in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Erfurter Geographische Studien 9, Erfurt, 239 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, U.: in press, ‘Using Java and XML in interdisciplinary research: A new data-gathering tool for historians as used with EuroClimHist’, Historical Methods.

  • Dobrovolný, P. and Brázdil, R.: 2003, ‘Documentary evidence on strong winds related to convective storms in the Czech Republic since AD 1500’, Atmos. Res. 67/68, 95–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dufour, M. L.: 1870, ‘Problème de la variation du climat’, Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences naturelles 10, 359–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E.: 1982, The Rules of Sociological Method: And Selected Texts on Sociology and Its Method, Macmillan, London, 264 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easton, C.: 1928, Les hivers dans l’Europe occidentale, E. J. Brill, Leyde, 210 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egger, C. and Weigelt, H.: 2000, Text-Schrift-Codex, Oldenbourg, 391 pp.

  • Esper, J., Cook, E. R., and Schweingruber, F. H.: 2002, ‘Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability’, Science 295, 2250–2253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M. N., Kaplan, A., and Cane, M. A.: 1998, ‘Optimal sites for coral-based reconstruction of global sea surface temperature’, Paleoceanography 13, 502–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, B.: 2000, The Little Ice Age. How climate made history 1300–1850, Basic Books, New York, 246 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbridge, R. W.: 1987, ‘Climate variation, historical record’, in Oliver, J. E. and Fairbridge, R. W. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Climatology, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, pp. 305–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulstich, W.: 1996, Medien und Öffentlichkeit im Mittelalter 800-1400, Vandenhoek und Ruprecht, Göttingen, 298 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Favier, R. and Granet-Abisset, A. M. (eds.): 2000, Histoire et Mémoire des risques naturels, in Actes du séminaire international: Histoire et Mémoire des risques naturels en région de montagne 25-26-22-1999, Grenoble, 281 pp.

  • Fischer-Bruns, I., Cubasch, U., von Storch, H., Zorita, E., Gonzáles-Rouco, F., and Luterbacher, J.: 2002, ‘Modelling the Late Maunder Minimum with a 3-dimensional OAGCM’, CLIVAR Exchanges 7, 59–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J. R.: 1998, Historical Perspectives on Climate Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 194 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flohn, H.: 1979, ‘Zwei Bayerische Wetterkalender aus der Reformationszeit’, in Mayer, H., Gietl, G., and Enders, G. (eds.), Festschrift Albert Baumgartner, Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Meteorologischen Instituts der Universität München 35, pp. 173–177.

  • Flohn, H.: 1981, ‘Short-term climatic fluctuations and their economic role’, in Wigley, T. M. L., Ingram, M. J., and Farmer, G. (eds.), Climate and History. Studies in past climates and their impact on Man, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney, pp. 310–318.

  • Flohn, H.: 1985, ‘A critical assessment of proxy data for climatic reconstruction’, in Tooley, M. J. and Sheail, G. M. (eds.), The Climatic Scene. Essays in Honour of Gordon Manley, George Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 93–103.

  • Flohn, H.: 1993, ‘Climatic evolution during the last millennium: What can we learn from it?’, in Eddy, J. A. and Oeschger, H. (eds.), Global Changes in the Perspective of the Past, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, pp. 295–316.

  • Flückiger-Strebel, E.: 2002, Zwischen Wohlfahrt und Staatsökonomie. Armenfürsorge auf der bernischen Landschaft im 18. Jahrhundert, Chronos, Zürich, 425 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Gläser, B. (eds.): 1992, European Climate Reconstructed from Documentary Data: Methods and Results, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 265 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Gläser, B. (eds.): 1994, Climatic Trends and Anomalies in Europe 1675-1715. High Resolution Spatio-Temporal Reconstructions from Direct Meteorological Observations and Proxy Data. Methods and Results, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 480 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisinger, H. H.: 1977, The History of Meteorology: to 1800, Science History Publications, New York, 148 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frydendahl, K. and Frich, P.: 1996, ‘50,000 weather observations from Danish logbooks 1675–1715’, in Pedersen, E. S. (ed.), North European Climate Data in the Latter Part of the Maunder Minimum Period A.D. 1675-1715, AmS Varia 25, pp. 27–31.

  • Garcia, R. R., Díaz, H. F., García Herrera, R., Eischeid, J., del R. Prieto, M., Hernández, E., Gimeno, L., Durán, F. R., and Bascary, A. M.: 2001, ‘Atmospheric circulation changes in the Tropical Pacific inferred from the voyages of the Manila galleons in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries’, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82, 2435–2455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García, R., Gimeno, L., Hernández, E., Prieto, R., and Ribera, P.: 2000, ‘Reconstructing the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries from historical sources’, Clim. Res. 14, 147–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, R., Macias, A., Gallego, D., Hernández, E., Gimeno, L., and Ribera, P.: 2003, ‘Reconstruction of the precipitation in the Canary Islands for the period 1595–1836’, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 84, ES68–ES77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geurts, H. A. M. and van Engelen, A. F. V.: 1992, Beschrijving antieke meetreeksen, Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut 165-V, De Bilt, 310 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glacken, C. J.: 1967, Traces on the Rhodian Shore, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 763 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaeser, B.: 1994, ‘Soziologie der Umwelt: Misere, Traditionen, Perspektive’, in Huib, E. (ed.), Pathways to Human Ecology, from Observation to Commitment, Lang, Bern, pp. 115–132.

  • Glaser, R.: 1991, Klimarekonstruktion für Mainfranken, Bauland und Odenwald anhand direkter und indirekter Witterungsdaten seit 1500, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 175 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R.: 1996, Beiträge zur Historischen Klimatologie in Mitteleuropa seit dem Jahr 1000, Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der Veni Legendi, Geographisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, 510 pp.

  • Glaser, R.: 1997, ‘On the course of temperature in central Europe since the year 1000 AD’, Hist. Soc. Res. 22, 59–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R.: 1998, ‘Historische Hochwässer im Maingebiet - Möglichkeiten und Perspektiven auf der Basis der Historischen Klimadatenbank Deutschland (HISKLID)’, Erfurter Geogr. Studien 7, 109–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R.: 2001, Klimageschichte Mitteleuropa. 1000 Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen, Primus Verlag, Darmstadt, 227 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R., Beyer, U., and Beck, C.: 1999a, ‘Die Temperaturentwicklung in Mitteleuropa seit dem Jahr 1000 auf der Grundlage quantifizierter historischer Quellentexte’, Tübinger Geogr. Studien 125, 23–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R., Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Dobrovolný, P., Barriendos Vallvé, M., Bokwa, A., Camuffo, D., Kotyza, O., Limanówka, D., Rácz, L., and Rodrigo, F. S.: 1999b, ‘Seasonal temperature and precipitation fluctuations in selected parts of Europe during the sixteenth century’, Clim. Change 43, 169–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groh, D., Kempe, M., and Mauelshagen, F. (eds.): 2003, Naturkatastrophen. Beiträge zu ihrer Deutung, Wahrnehmung und Darstellung in Text und Bild von der Antike bis ins 20. Jahrhundert, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen, 242 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grotefend, H.: 1982, Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, 12th edn., Hahn, Hannover, 223 pp.

  • Grove, J.: 1988, The Little Ice Age, Methuen & Co., London, 498 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, J. M.: 2001a, ‘The initiation of the “Little Ice Age” in regions round the North Atlantic’, Clim. Change 48, 53–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grove, J.: 2001b, ‘The onset of the Little Ice Age’, in Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Davies, T. D., and Briffa, K. R. (eds.), History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 153–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, J. M. and Battagel, A.: 1983, ‘Tax records from western Norway, as an index of Little Ice Age environmental and economic deterioration’, Clim. Change 5, 265–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grove, J. M. and Conterio, A.: 1995, ‘The climate of Crete in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’, Clim. Change 30, 223–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grove, J. M. and Switsur, R.: 1994, ‘Glacial geological evidence for the Medieval Warm Period’, Clim. Change 26, 143–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guiot, J.: 1992, ‘The combination of historical documents and biological data in the reconstruction of climate variations in space and time’, in Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Gläser, B. (eds.), European Climate Reconstructed from Documentary Data: Methods and Results, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, pp. 93–104.

  • Hagedorn, H. and Glaser, R.: 1990, ‘Zur methodischen Konzeption und Regionalisierung in der Paläoklimatologie’, Berliner Geogr. Abh. 53, 251–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J. and Lebedeff, S.: 1987, ‘Global trends of measured surface temperature’, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 13,345–13,372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Glascoe, J., and Sato, M.: 1999, ‘GISS analysis of surface temperature change’, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 30,997–31,022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., Imhoff, M., Lawrence, L., Easterling, D., Peterson, T., and Karl, T.: 2001, ‘A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23,947–23,963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann, K.: 1976, ‘Stochastic climate models. Part I. Theory’, Tellus 28, 473–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellmann, G.: 1914, ‘Die Vorläufer der Societas Meteorologica Palatina’, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Meteorologie 1, 139–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellmann, G.: 1921, Die Meteorologie in den deutschen Flugschriften und Flugblättern des XVI. Jahrhunderts, Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse 1, 96 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellmann, G.: 1926, Die Entwicklung der meteorologischen Beobachtungen in Deutschland von den ersten Anfängen bis zur Einrichtung staatlicher Beobachtungsnetze, Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse 1, 25 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, R.: 1904, Katalog bemerkenswerter Witterungsereignisse von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1800, Abh. Königl. Preuss. Meteorol. Inst. 2, Berlin, 93 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesselink, A. W.: 2002, History makes a river. Morphological changes and human interference in the river Rhine, The Netherlands, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 346 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickey, K. R.: 2003, ‘The storminess record from Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, 1796–1999’, Weather 58, 28–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschboeck, K. K.: 1987, ‘Catastrophic flooding and atmospheric circulation anomalies’, in Mayer, L. and Nash, D. B. (eds.), Catastrophic Flooding, Allen & Unwin, Boston, pp. 23–56.

  • Holzhauser, H.: 1997, ‘Fluctuations of the Grosser Aletsch Glacier and the Gorner Glacier during the last 3200 years: New results’, in Frenzel, B., Boulton, G. S., Gläser, B., and Huckriede, U. (eds.), Glacier Fluctuations During the Holocene, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, Lübeck, Ulm, pp. 35–58.

  • Holzhauser, H.: 2002, ‘Dendrochronologische Auswertung fossiler Hölzer zur Rekonstruktion der nacheiszeitlichen Gletschergeschichte’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen 15, 317–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzhauser, H. and Zumbühl, H.: 1999, ‘Holocene glacial fluctuations’, in Spreafico, M., Weingartner, R., and Leibundgut, C. (eds.), Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland, No. 3.8, Bern.

  • Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C. A. (eds.): 2001, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 881 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G., Callander, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., and Maskell, K. (eds.): 1996, Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 572 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsü, K. J.: 2000, Klima macht Geschichte. Menschheitsgeschichte als Abbild der Klimaentwicklung, Orell Füssli, Zürich, 334 pp.

  • Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.-Y.: 2000, ‘Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures’, Nature 403, 756–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, M. K. and Diaz, H. F. (eds.): 1994a, The Medieval Warm Period, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 109–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, M. K. and Diaz, H. F.: 1994b, ‘Was there a ‘Medieval Warm Period’ and if so, where and when?’, Clim. Change 26, 109–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, E.: 1907, The Pulse of Asia. A Journey in Asia Illustrating the Geographical Basis of History, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 245 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, E.: 1925, Civilization and Climate, Yale University Press, New Heaven, 453 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, M. J., Underhill, D. J., and Farmer, G.: 1981, ‘The use of documentary sources for the study of past climates’, in Wigley, T. M. L., Ingram, M. J., and Farmer, G. (eds.), Climate and History. Studies in past climates and their impact on Man, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney, pp. 180–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, M. J., Underhill, D. J., and Wigley, T. M. L.: 1978, ‘Historical climatology’, Nature 276, 329–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobeit, J.: 1997, ‘Atlantisch-europäische Bodenluftdruckfelder ombrothermisch anomaler Monate in Mitteleuropa als Hilfsmittel für die synoptische Interpretation analoger Anomalien im historischen Klima und in zukünftigen Klimaszenarien’, Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 141, 139–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobeit, J., Glaser, R., Luterbacher, J., and Wanner, H.: 2003, ‘Links between flood events in central Europe since AD 1500 and large-scale atmospheric circulation modes’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 21-1–21-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobeit, J., Jönsson, P., Bärring, L., Beck, C., and Ekström, M.: 2001, ‘Zonal indices for Europe 1780–1995 and running correlations with temperature’, Clim. Change 48, 219–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobeit, J., Wanner, H., Koslowski, G., and Gudd, M.: 1999, ‘European surface pressure patterns for months with outstanding climatic anomalies during the sixteenth century’, Clim. Change 43, 201–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jakubowski-Tiessen, M. and Lehmann, H. (eds.): 2003, Um Himmels Willen. Religion in Katastrophenzeiten, Vandenhoeck, Göttingen, 358 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic, V.: 2000, Reading the skies. A cultural history of English Weather, 1650–1820, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 272 pp.

  • Jevrejeva, S.: 2001, ‘Severity of winter seasons in the northern Baltic Sea during 1529–1990’, Clim. Res. 17, 55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jevrejeva, S. and Moore, J. C.: 2001, ‘Singular Spectrum Analysis of Baltic Sea ice conditions and large-scale atmospheric patterns since 1708’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4503–4506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D.: 2001, ‘Early European instrumental records’, in Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Davies, T. D., and Briffa, K. R. (eds.), History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 55–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D. and Bradley, R. S.: 1992, ‘Climatic variations over the last 500 years’, in Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D. (eds.), Climate Since A.D. 1500, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 649–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., Bradley, R. S., and Jouzel, J. (eds.): 1996, Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Series, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 649 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., Barnett, T., and Tett, S.: 1998, ‘High resolution paleoclimatic records for the last millennium: Interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperature’, Holocene 8, 455–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., and Osborn, T. J.: 2003a, ‘Changes in the Northern Hemisphere annual cycle: Implications for paleoclimatology?’, J. Geophys. Res. 108, ACL 13-1–13-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D. and Lister, D. H.: 2002, ‘The daily air temperature record for St. Petersburg (1743–1996), Clim. Change 53, 253–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., New, M., Parker, D. E., Martin, S., and Rigor, I. G.: 1999, ‘Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years’, Rev. Geophys. 37, 173–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., and Wigley, T. M. L.: 1984, Riverflow Data for the United Kingdom: Reconstructed Data Back to 1844 and Historical Data Back to 1556, Climatic Research Unit, Norwich, 157 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R.: 2001, ‘The evolution of climate over the last millennium’, Science 292, 662–667.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R.: 2003b, ‘Pressure-based measures of the NAO: A comparison and an assessment of changes in the strength of the NAO and in its influence on surface climate parameters’, in Hurrell, J. W., Visbeck, M., Kushnir, Y., and Ottersen, G. (eds.), The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp. 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., Raper, S. C. B., Bradley, R. S., Diaz, H. F., Kelly, P. M., and Wigley, T. M. L.: 1986, ‘Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851–1984’, J. Climatol. Appl. Meteorol. 25, 161–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jurin, J.: 1723, ‘Invitatio ad Observationes Meteorologicas communi consilio instituendas’, Philosophical Transactions 32, 422–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, E., Tian-shi, L., and Schmith, T.: 1996, ‘Statistical hindcast of wind climatology in the north Atlantic and north-western European region’, Clim. Res. 7, 97–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kachelmann, J.: 2002, Die grosse Flut. Unser Klima, unsere Umwelt, unsere Zukunft, Rowohlt, Hanburgh, 270 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajander, J.: 1993, ‘Methodological aspects on river cryophenology exemplified by a tricentennial break-up time series from Tornio’, Geophysica 29, 73–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanold, J.: 1718–1727, Sammlung von Natur- und Medicin-, wie auch hierzu gehörigen Kunst- und Literatur-Geschichten, Breslau.

  • Kaplan, A., Kushnir, Y., Cane, M. A., and Blumenthal, M. B.: 1997, ‘Reduced space optimal analysis for historical datasets: 136 years of Atlantic sea surface temperature’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 27,835–27,860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karl, T. S. and Easterling, D. R.: 1999, ‘Climate extremes: Selected review and future research directions’, Clim. Change 42, 309–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kates, R. W.: 1985, ‘The interaction of climate and society’, in Kates, R. W., Ausubel, J. H., and Berberian, M. (eds.), Climate Impact Assessment. Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society, Wiley, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, pp. 3–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempe, M.: 2003, ‘Noah’s flood: The genesis story and natural disasters in Early Modern Times’, Environ. Hist. 9, 151–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempe, M. and Rohr, C.: 2003, ‘Coping with the unexpected natural disasters and their perception in history’, Environ. Hist. 9 (Special Issue), 128 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kington, J.: 1988, The Weather of the 1780s over Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 166 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiss, A.: 1999, ‘Some weather events in the fourteenth century II (Angevin period: 1301–1387)’, Acta Climatol. Univ. Szegediensis 32-33, 51–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiss, A.: 2000, ‘Weather events during the first Tartar invasion in Hungary (1241–42)’, Acta Geogr. Szegediensis 37, 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kistler, R., Kalnay, E., Collins, W., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V., van den Dool, H., Jenne, R., and Fiorino, M.: 2001, ‘The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation’, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82, 247–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klingbjer, P. and Moberg, A.: 2003, ‘A composite monthly temperature record from Tornedalen in northern Sweden 1802-2002’, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1465–1494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kociánová, M.: 2002, ‘Otázka projevů chladných období postglaciálu v krkonošské tundře’, Opera Concortica 39, 143–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koslowski, G. and Glaser, R.: 1999, ‘Variations in reconstructed ice winter severity in the Western Baltic from 1501 to 1995, and their implications for the North Atlantic Oscillation’, Clim. Change 41, 175–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krahe, P.: 1997, ‘Hochwasser und Klimafluktuationen am Rhein seit dem Mittelalter’, in Immendorf, R. (ed.), Hochwasser. Natur im Überfluss?, C. F. Müller, Heidelberg, pp. 57–82.

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1965, ‘The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel’, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Paleoecol. 1, 13–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1977, Climate: Present, Past and Future, vol. 2: Climatic History and the Future, Methuen, London, 835 pp.

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1980, ‘Weather and climate patterns of the Little Ice Age’, in Oeschger, H., Messerli, B., and Svilar, M. (eds.), Das Klima: Analysen und Modelle, Geschichte und Zukunft, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 149–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1982, Climate, History and the Modern World, Methuen, London, 387 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1984, ‘Climate in the last thousand years: Natural climatic fluctuations and change’, in Flohn, H. and Fantechi, R. (eds.), The Climate of Europe: Past, Present and Future, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, pp. 25–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1987, ‘What can historical records tell us about the breakdown of the Medieval warm climate in Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries –an experiment’, Beitr. Phys. Atmosph. 60, 131–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1991, Historic Storms of the North Sea, British Isles and Northwest Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 204 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsteiner, E.: 1999, ‘The crisis of wine production in late sixteenth-century central Europe: Climatic causes and economic consequences’, Clim. Change 43, 323–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauer, W.: 1981, Klimawandel und Menschheitsgeschichte auf dem mexikanischen Hochland, Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur Mainz, Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, No. 2, 49 pp.

  • Lauer, W. and Frankenberg, P.: 1986, Zur Rekonstruktion des Klimas im Bereich der Rheinpfalz seit Mitte des 16. Jahrhundert mit Hilfe von Zeitreihen der Weinquantität und Weinqualität, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 54 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legrand, J.-P. and LeGoff, M.: 1992, Les observations météorologiques de Louis Morin, Monographie 6, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Paris, 128 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenke, W.: 1964, ‘Untersuchungen der ältesten Temperaturmessungen mit Hilfe des strengen Winters 1708–1709’, Ber. Deutsch. Wetterd. 92, 3–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenke, W.: 1968, ‘Das Klima Ende des 16. und Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts nach Beobachtungen von Tycho Brahe auf Hven, Leonhard III Treuttwein in Fürstenfeld und David Fabricius in Ostfriesland’, Ber. Deutsch. Wetterd. 110, 49 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Roy Ladurie, E.: 1967, L’histoire du climat depuis l’au mil, Flammarion, Paris, 413 pp. English translation: Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate Since the Year 1000, George Allen & Unwin, London 1972, 428 pp.

  • Le Roy Ladurie, E. and Baulant, M.: 1980, ‘Grape harvests from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries’, J. Interdisciplin. Hist. 10, 839–849.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieth, H.: 1974, Phenology and Seasonal Modeling, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 444 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Limanówka, D.: 2001, Rekonstrukcja warunków klimatycznych Krakowa w pierwszej polowie XVI wieku, Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej, Warszawa, 176 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Llasat, D. C. M., Rigo, T., and Barriendos, M.: 2003, ‘The ‘Montserrat-2000’ flash-flood event: A comparison with the floods that have occurred in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula since the 14th century’, Int. J. Climatol. 23, 453–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher, J.: 2001, ‘The Late Maunder Minimum (1675–1715) –climax of the ‘Little Ice Age’ in Europe’, in Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Davies, T. D., and Briffa, K. R. (eds.), History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 29–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., and Wanner, H.: 2004, ‘European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends and extremes since 1500’, Science 303, 1499–1503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher, J., Rickli, R., Tinguely, C., Xoplaki, E., Schüpbach, E., Dietrich, D., Hüsler, J., Ambühl, M., Pfister, C., Beeli, P., Dietrich, U., Dannecker, A., Davies, T. D., Jones, P. D., Slonosky, V., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Maheras, P., Kolyva-Machera, F., Martín-Vide, J., Barriendos, M., Alcoforado, M. J., Nunes, M. F., Jónsson, T., Glaser, R., Jacobeit, J., Beck, C., Philipp, A., Beyer, U., Kaas, E., Schmith, T., Bärring, L., Jönsson, P., Rácz, L., and Wanner, H.: 2000, ‘Monthly mean pressure reconstructions for the Late Maunder Minimum period (AD 1675–1715)’, Int. J. Climatol. 20, 1049–1066.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher, J., Rickli, R., Xoplaki, E., Tinguely, C., Beck, C., Pfister, C., and Wanner, H.: 2001, ‘The Late Maunder Minimum (1675–1715) –a key period for studying climatic variability and decadal scale climate change in Europe’, Clim. Change 49, 441–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher, J., Schmutz, C., Gyalistras, D., Xoplaki, E., and Wanner, H.: 1999, ‘Reconstruction of monthly NAO and EU indices back to AD 1675’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2745–2748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher, J. and Xoplaki, E.: 2003, ‘500-year winter temperature and precipitation variability over the Mediterranean area and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation’, in Bolle, H.-J. (ed.), Mediterranean Climate –Variability and Trends, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 133–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher, J., Xoplaki, E., Dietrich, D., Jones, P. D., Davies, T. D., Portis, D., Gonzales-Rouco, J. F., von Storch, H., Gyalistras, D., Casty, C., and Wanner, H.: 2002a, ‘Extending North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions back to 1500’, Atmos. Sci. Lett. 2, 114–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher, J., Xoplaki, E., Dietrich, D., Rickli, R., Jacobeit, J., Beck, C., Gyalistras, D., Schmutz, C., and Wanner, H.: 2002b, ‘Reconstruction of sea level pressure fields over the eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 1500’, Clim. Dyn. 18, 545–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyakhov, M. E.: 1992, ‘Ekstremalnyye termitcheskiye usloviya v tsentralnoy Rossii i tsentralnoy Evrope v XIII-XIV vekakh’, Materialy meteorologitcheskikh issledovaniy 15, 156–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maak, K. and von Storch, H.: 1997, ‘Statistical downscaling of monthly mean air temperature to the beginning of the flowering of Galanthus nivalis L. in Northern Germany’, Int. J. Biometeorol. 41, 5–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malewicz, H. M.: 1980, Zjawiska przyrodnicze w relacjach dziejopisarzy polskiego średniowiecza, Ossolineum, Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk, 188 pp.

  • Manley, G.: 1974, ‘Central England temperatures: monthly means 1659 to 1973’, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 100, 389–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M. E.: 2001, ‘Climate during the past millennium’, Weather 56, 91–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M. E.: 2002, ‘The value of multiple proxies’, Science 297, 1481–1482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., and Hughes, M. K.: 1998, ‘Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries’, Nature 392, 779–787.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., and Hughes, M. K.: 1999, ‘Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 759–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M. E., Gille, E., Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. K., Overpeck, J. T., Keimig, F. T., and Gross, W.: 2000, ‘Global temperature patterns in past centuries: An interactive presentation’, Earth Interact. 4, 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markham, S. F.: 1947, Climate and the Energy of Nations, Oxford University Press, London, New York, Toronto, 240 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Vide, J. and Barriendos, M.: 1995, ‘The use of rogation ceremony records in climatic reconstruction: a case study from Catalonia (Spain)’, Clim. Change 30, 201–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthes, F.: 1939, ‘Report of Committee on Glaciers’, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 20, 518–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthes, F.: 1940, ‘Committee on Glaciers, 1939–40’, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 21, 396–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maugeri, M., Buffoni, L., and Chlistovsky, F.: 2002a, ‘Daily Milan temperature and pressure series (1763–1998): History of the observations and data and metadata recovery’, Clim. Change 53, 101–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maugeri, M., Buffoni, L., Delmonte, B., and Fassina, A.: 2002b, ‘Daily Milan temperature and pressure series (1763–1998): Completing and homogenising the data’, Clim. Change 53, 119–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzel, A.: 2002, ‘Phenology. Its importance to the global change community’, Clim. Change 54, 379–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzel, A. and Estrella, N.: 2001, ‘Plant phenological changes’, in Walther, G.-R., Burga, C. A., and Edwards, P. J. (eds.), “Fingerprints”of Climate Change. Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, London, pp. 123–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe, S. E., del Prieto, M. R., Endfield, G. H., Davies, S. J., and O’Hara, S. L.: 2002, ‘The potential of archival sources for reconstructing climate and climate-related processes in Latin America’, PAGES News 10, 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaelsen, J.: 1984, ‘Cross-validation in statistical climate forecast models’, J. Climate 26, 1589–1600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikami, T. (ed.): 1992, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Little Ice Age Climate, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 342 pp.

  • Militzer, S.: 1996, ‘Klima –Klimageschichte –Geschichte. Status und Perspektiven von Klimageschichte und Historischer Klimawirkungsforschung’, Geschichte in Wissenschaft und_Unterricht 47, 71–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Militzer, S.: 1998, ‘Sachsen –Klimatatsachen und Umriss von Klimawirkungen im 17. Jahrhundert‘, in Schirmer, U. (ed.), Sachsen im 17. Jahrhundert: Krise, Krieg und Neubeginn, Sax Verlag, Beucha, pp. 69–100.

  • Moberg, A., Bergström, H., Ruiz Krigsman, J., and Svanered, O.: 2002, ‘Daily air temperature and pressure series for Stockholm (1756–1998)’, Clim. Change 53, 171–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moberg, A., Jones, P. D., Barriendos, M., Bergström, H., Camuffo, D., Cocheo, C., Davies, T. D., Demarée, G., Martín-Vide, J., Maugeri, M., Rodriguez, R., and Verhoeve, T.: 2000, ‘Day-to day temperature variability trends in 160- to 275-year-long European instrumental records’, J. Geophys. Res. 205, 22,849–22,868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudelsee, M., Börngen, M., Tetzlaff, G., and Grünewald, U.: 2003, ‘No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe’, Nature 425, 166–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munzar, J.: 2001, ‘Summer floods in Central Europe in 1813 –an analogy to floods of 1997’, Moravian Geogr. Rep. 9, 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munzar, J.: 2002, ‘Environmetal history of Central Europe in the first half of the 18th century (according to the so-called Wroclaw collection)’, Moravian Geogr. Rep. 10, 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Münchener Rück: 1999, Topics 2000: Natural Catastrophes –The Current Position, Münchener Rück, München, 126 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, J.: 1985, ‘Climatic change as a topic in the classical Greek and Roman literature’, Clim. Change 7, 441–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, L. F. (ed.): 1990, Hunger in History. Food Shortage, Poverty and Deprivation, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 429 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordli, P. Ø.: 2001, ‘Reconstruction of nineteenth century summer temperatures in Norway by proxy data from farmers’ diaries’, Clim. Change 48, 201–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordli, P. Ø., Lie, Ø., Nesje, A., and Dahl, S. O.: 2002, Spring/Summer Temperature Reconstruction Western Norway 1734-2002, DNMI-Rapport 26/02 Klima, Oslo, 47 pp.

  • Nordli, P. Ø., Lie, Ø., Nesje, A., and Dahl, S. O.: 2003, ‘Spring-summer temperature reconstruction in western Norway 1734–2003: A data-synthesis approach’, Int. J. Climatol. 23, 1821–1841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, A. and Farmer, G.: 1997, ‘Documenting the Medieval climate’, in Hulme, K. and Barrow, E. (eds.), Climates of the British Isles: Present, Past and Future, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 112–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, A. E. J.: 1996, ‘Sea-ice conditions off the coasts of Iceland A.D. 1601–1850 with special reference to part of the Maunder Minimum period (1675–1715)’, AmS-Varia 25, 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, A. E. J., Barlow, L. K., and Jennings, A. E.: 2000, ‘North Atlantic climate AD 1000: Millennial reflections on the Viking discoveries of Iceland, Greenland and North America’, Weather 55, 34–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, A. E. J. and Jónsson, T. (eds.): 2001, The Iceberg in the Mist: Northern Research in Pursuit of a “Little Ice Age”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 263 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogrin, D.: 2002, ‘Dry and wet years in submediterranean Slovenia from the 14th to the mid-19th century’, Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc. Fac. Rer. Nat.—Geographica 37, 55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ornato, E.: 1988, ‘L’exploitation des sources narratives médiévales dans l’histoire du climat: à propos d’un ouvrage récent’, Histoire & Mesure 3, 403–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panessa, G.: 1991, Fonti Greche e Latine per la storia dell’ambiente e del clima nel mondo Greco, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, vol. 1, pp. 1–541; vol. 2, pp. 542–1024.

  • Pauling, A., Luterbacher, J., and Wanner, H.: 2003, ‘Evaluation of proxies for European and North Atlantic temperature field reconstructions’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, CLM 2-1–CLM 2-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, E. S. (ed.): 1996, North European Climate Data in the Latter Part of the Maunder Minimum Period A.D. 1675–1715, Museum of Archaeology Stavanger, 66 pp.

  • Penzar, I. and Penzar, B.: 1997, ‘Weather and climate notes on the Adriatic up to the middle of the 19th century’, Geofizika 14, 47–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 1978, ‘Climate and Economy in Eighteenth-Century Switzerland’, J. Interdisciplin. Hist. 9, 223–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 1979, ‘Getreide-Erntebeginn und Frühsommertemperaturen im schweizerischen Mittelland seit dem frühen 17. Jahrhundert’, Geogr. Helv. 34, 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 1981, ‘Die Fluktuationen der Weinmosterträge im Schweizerischen Weinland vom 16. bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert’, Schweizer Zeitschrift für Geschichte 31, 445–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 1984, Klimageschichte der Schweiz 1525-1860. Das Klima der Schweiz und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte von Bevölkerung und Landwirtschaft, Paul Haupt, Bern, 184 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 1988a, ‘Variations in the spring-summer climate of Central Europe from the High Middle Ages to 1850’, in Wanner, H. and Siegenthaler, U. (eds.), Long and Short Term Variability of Climate, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, pp. 57–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 1988b, ‘Fluctuations du climat et prix céréaliers en Europe 16ème–20ème siècles’, Annales E.S.C. 1/1988, 25–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 1992, ‘Monthly temperature and precipitation patterns in Central Europe from 1525 to the present. A methodology for quantifying man-made evidence on weather and climate’, in Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D. (eds.), Climate Since A.D. 1500, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 118–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 1999, Wetternachhersage. 500 Jahre Klimavariationen und Naturkatastrophen (1496-1995), Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 304 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 2001, ‘Klimawandel in der Geschichte Europas. Zur Entwicklung und zum Potenzial der historischen Klimatologie’, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 12, 7–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C.: 2002, ‘Naturkatastrophen und Naturgefahren in geschichtlicher Perspektive. Ein Einstieg’, in Pfister, C. (ed.), Am Tag danach. Zur Bewältigung von Naturkatastrophen in der Schweiz 1500-2000, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, pp. 11–26 (also available in French: Le Jour d’après. Surmonter les catastrophes naturelles: le cas de la Suisse enter 1500 et 2000. Berne 2002, traduit par Véronique Mange).

  • Pfister, C.: in press, ‘Weeping in the snow. The second period of Little Ice Age-Type Impacts, 1570 to 1630’, in Behringer, W., Lehmann, H., and Pfister, C. (eds.), Kulturelle Konsequenzen der Kleinen Eiszeit - Cultural Consequences of the Little Ice Age, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, Göttingen.

  • Pfister, C. and Bareiss, W.: 1994, ‘The climate in Paris between 1675 and 1715 according to the Meteorological Journal of Louis Morin’, in Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Gläser, B. (eds.), Climatic Trends and Anomalies in Europe 1675-1715, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, pp. 151–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C. and Brázdil, R.: 1999, ‘Climatic variability in sixteenth-century Europe and its social dimension: A synthesis’, Clim. Change 43, 5–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Brázdil, R., and Glaser, R. (eds.): 1999a, Climatic Variability in Sixteenth-Century Europe and its Social Dimension, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 351 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Brázdil, R., Glaser, R., Barriendos, M., Camuffo, D., Deutsch, M., Dobrovolný, P., Enzi, S., Guidoboni, E., Kotyza, O., Militzer, S., Rácz, L., and Rodrigo, F. S.: 1999b, ‘Documentary evidence on climate in sixteenth-century Europe’, Clim. Change 43, 55–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Brázdil, R., Glaser, R., Bokwa, A., Holawe, F., Limanowka, D., Kotyza, O., Munzar, J., Rácz, L., Strömmer, E., and Schwarz-Zanetti, G.: 1999c, ‘Daily weather observations in sixteenth-century Europe’, Clim. Change 43, 111–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Brázdil, R., Obrebska-Starkel, B., Starkel, L., Heino, R., and von Storch, H.: 2001, ‘Strides made in reconstructing past weather and climate’, Eos –Transactions American Geophysical Union 82, 248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C. and Brändli, D.: 1999, ‘Rodungen im Gebirge –Überschwemmungen im Vorland: Ein Deutungsmuster macht Karriere’, in Sieferle, R. P. and Greunigener, H. (eds.), Natur-Bilder. Wahrnehmungen von Natur und Umwelt in der Geschichte,Campus Verlag, Frankfurt, New York, pp. 9–18.

  • Pfister, C. and Hächler, S.: 1991, ‘Überschwemmungskatastrophen im Schweizer Alpenraum seit dem Spätmittelalter. Raum-zeitliche Rekonstruktion von Schadenmustern auf der Basis historischer Quellen’, in Glaser, R. and Walsh, R. (eds.): Historische Klimatologie in verschiedenen Klimazonen, Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten 80, Würzburg, pp. 127–148.

  • Pfister, C., Kington, J., Kleinlogel, G., Schüle, H., and Siffert, E.: 1994, ‘High resolution spatio-temporal reconstructions of past climate from direct meteorological observations and proxy data’, in Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Gläser, B. (eds.), Climatic Trends and Anomalies in Europe 1675-1715, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, pp. 329–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Luterbacher, J., Schwarz-Zanetti, G., and Wegmann, M.: 1998, ‘Winter air temperature variations in western Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages (AD 750–1300)’, Holocene 8, 535–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Schwarz-Zanetti, G., and Wegmann, M.: 1996, ‘Winter severity in Europe: the fourteenth century’, Clim. Change 34, 91–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piervitali, E. and Colacino, M.: 2001, ‘Evidence of drought in Western Sicily during the period 1565-1915 from liturgical offices’, Clim. Change 49, 225–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popova, V. V.: 2001, ‘Kolebaniya osadkov na Russkoy ravnine za posledneye tysyatcheletiye’, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk –Ser. Geogr. 2001, 42–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, S. C.: 1986, ‘Pattern and forcing of Northern Hemisphere glacier variations during the last millennium’, Quarter. Res. 26, 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pötzsch, C. G.: 1784, Chronologische Geschichte der grossen Wasserfluthen des Elbstroms, Walther, Dresden, 232 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozo-Vazquez, D., Esteban-Parra, M. J., Rodrigo, F. S., and Castro-Díez, Y.: 2001, ‘A study of NAO variability and its possible non-linear influences on European surface temperature’, Clim. Dyn. 17, 701–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, C. J., Baker, A., and Barnes, W. L.: 2002, ‘A three thousand year record of N Atlantic climate’, Clim. Dyn. 19, 449–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, C. J., Baker, A., Barnes, W. L., and Gilmour, M. A.: 2000, ‘A thousand year speleothem proxy record of North Atlantic climate from Scotland’, Clim. Dyn. 16, 815–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, F. T., Karl, T. R., and Williams, C. N. Jr.: 1987, United States Historical Climatology Network (HCN) serial temperature and precipitation data, NDP019. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

  • Rácz, L.: 1999, Climate History of Hungary Since 16th Century: Past, Present and Future, Centre for Regional studies of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pécs, 158 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebetez, M.: 1996, ‘Public expectation as an element of human perception of climate change’, Clim. Change 32, 495–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rebetez Beniston, M.: 1992, Perception du temps et du climat: une analyse du climat de suisse romande sur la base des dictions populaires, Editions Stratus, Oron-la-Ville, 102 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Repapis, C. C., Schuurmans, C. J. E., Zerefos, C. S., and Ziomas, J.: 1989, ‘A note on the frequency of occurrence of severe winters as evidenced in monastery and historical records from Greece during the period 1200–1900 A.D.’, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 39, 213–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Retsö, D.: 2002, ‘A contribution to the history of European winters: Some climatological proxy data from early-sixteenth century Swedish documentary sources’, Clim. Change 52, 137–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, A. R., Lermusiaux, P. F. J., and Sloan III, N. Q.: 1998, ‘Data assimilation’, in Brink, K. H. and Robinson, A. R. (eds.), The Global Coastal Ocean. Processes and Methods. The Sea, vol. 10, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, pp. 541–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigo, F. S., Esteban-Parra, M. J., and Castro-Diez, Y.: 1995, ‘The onset of the Little Ice Age in Andalusia (southern Spain): Detection and characterization from documentary sources’, Annales Geophysicae 13, 330–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigo, F. S., Esteban-Parra, M. J., and Castro-Diez, Y.: 1998, ‘On the use of the Jesuit order private correspondence records in climate reconstructions: A case study from Castille (Spain) for 1634–1648 A.D.’, Clim. Change 40, 625–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigo, F. S., Esteban-Parra, M. J., Pozo-Vázquez, D., and Castro-Díez, Y.: 1999, ‘A 500-year precipitation record in Southern Spain’, Int. J. Climatol. 19, 1233–1253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigo, F. S., Pozo-Vazquez, D., Esteban-Parra, M. J., and Castro-Diez, Y.: 2001, ‘A reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index back to AD 1501 using documentary data in southern Spain’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 14,805–14,818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, S., Mann, M. E., Delworth, T. L., and Stouffer, R. J.: 2003, ‘Climate field reconstruction under stationary and nonstationary forcing’, J. Climate 16, 462–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarewitz, D. and Pielke, R., Jr.: 2000, ‘Breaking the Global-Warming gridlock’, Atlant. Mon. July 2000, 55–64.

  • Schiesser, H. H., Pfister, C., and Bader, J.: 1997, ‘Winter storms in Switzerland north of the Alps 1864/1865–1993/1994’, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 58, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, M.: 2000, Hochwasser und Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland vor 1850. Eine Auswertung alter Quellen und Karten, Oldenbourg-Industrieverlag, München, 350 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmutz, C., Luterbacher, J., Gyalistras, D., Xoplaki, E., and Wanner, H.: 2000, ‘Can we trust proxy-based NAO reconstructions’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1135–1138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz-Zanetti, G.: 1998, Grundzüge der Klima- und Umweltgeschichte des Hoch- und Spätmittelalters in Mitteleuropa, Studentendruckerei Zürich, Zürich, 131 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semple, E. C.: 1911, Influences of Geographic Environment, on the Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-Geography, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 170 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shabalova, M. V. and van Engelen, A. F. V.: 2003, ‘Evaluation of a reconstruction of winter and summer temperatures in the Low countries’, Clim. Change 58, 219–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shindell, D. T., Schmidt, G. A., Mann, M. E., Rind, D., and Waple, A.: 2001, ‘Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum’, Science 294, 2149–2152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shindell, D. T., Schmidt, G. A., Miller, R. L., and Mann, M. E.: 2003, ‘Volcanic and solar forcing of climate change during the preindustrial era’, J. Climate 16, 4094–4107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slonosky, V. C.: 2002, ‘Wet winters, dry summers? Three centuries of precipitation data from Paris’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1-1–1-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slonosky, V. C., Jones, P. D., and Davies, T. D.: 2001, ‘Instrumental pressure observation from the 17th and 18th centuries: London and Paris’, Int. J. Climatol. 21, 285–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slonosky, V. C. and Yiou, P.: 2002, ‘Does the NAO index represent zonal flow? The influence of the NAO on North Atlantic surface temperature’, Clim. Dyn. 19, 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soon, W. and Baliunas, S.: 2003, ‘Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years’, Clim. Res. 23, 89–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Souriau, A. and Yiou, P.: 2001, ‘Grape harvest dates for checking NAO paleoreconstructions’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3895–3898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, T. H. and Carey, P. D.: 1995, ‘The responses of species to climate over two centuries: An analysis of the Marsham Phenological Record 1736–1947’, J. Ecol. 83, 321–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stathakopoulos, D.: 2003, ‘Reconstructing the climate of the Byzantine world: State of the problem and case studies’, in Laszlovszky, J. and Szabó, P. (eds.), People and Nature in Historical Perspective, Central European University and Archeolingua Publishing House, Budapest, pp. 247–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehr, N. and von Storch, H.: 1995, ‘The social construct of climate and climate change’, Clim. Res. 5, 99–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehr, N. and von Storch, H.: 2000a, Eduard Brückner –The Sources and Consequences of Climate Change and Climate Variability in Historical Times, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 338 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehr, N. and von Storch, H.: 2000b, ‘Von der Macht des Klimas. Ist der Klimadeterminismus nur noch Ideengeschichte oder relevanter Faktor gegenwärtiger Klimapolitik?’, Gaia 9, 187–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stine, S.: 1998, ‘Medieval climatic anomaly in the Americas’, in Issar, A. S. and Brown, N. (eds.), Water, Environment and Society in Times of Climatic Change, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 43–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stothers, R. B.: 1996, ‘The great dry fog of 1783’, Clim. Change 32, 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stothers, R. B.: 1999, ‘Volcanic dry fogs, climate cooling and plague pandemics in Europe and the Middle East’, Clim. Change 42, 713–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stothers, R. B.: 2000, ‘Climatic and demographic consequences of the massive volcanic eruption of 1258’, Clim. Change 45, 361–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strnadt, A.: 1790, Chronologische Verzeichniss der Naturbegebenheiten im Königreiche Böhmen, vom Jahre Christi 633 bis 1700, Gerrlische Buchhandlung, Prag, 123 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strömmer, E.: 2003, Klima-Geschichte. Methoden der Rekonstruktion und historische Perspektive. Ostösterreich 1700 bis 1830, Franz Deuticke, Wien, 325 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Střeštík, J. and Verö, J.: 2000, ‘Reconstruction of the spring temperatures in the 18th century based on the measured lengths of grapevine sprouts’, Idöjárás 104, 123–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuber, M.: 2003, ‘Divine punishment or object of research? The resonance of earthquakes, floods, epidemics and famine in the correspondence network of Albrecht von Haller’, Environ. Hist. 9, 173–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturm, K., Glaser, R., Jacobeit, J., Deutsch, M., Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Luterbacher, J., and Wanner, H.: 2001, ‘Hochwasser in Mitteleuropa seit 1500 und ihre Beziehungen zur atmosphärischen Zirkulation’, Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 145, 14–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, J.: 2000, ‘A three-century storm climatology for Dublin 1715–2000’, Irish Geography 33, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarand, A. and Kuiv, P.: 1994, ‘The beginning of the rye harvest—a proxy indicator of summer climate in the Baltic area’, in Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Gläser, B. (eds.), Climatic Trends and Anomalies in Europe 1675-1715, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, pp. 61–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarand, A. and Nordli, P. Ø.: 2001, ‘The Tallinn temperature series reconstructed back half a millennium by use of proxy data’, Clim. Change 49, 189–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Telelis, I. G.: 1998, ‘The climate of Tübingen A.D. 1596–1605, on the basis of Martin Crusius’ Diarium’, Environ. Hist. 4, 53–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telelis, I.: 2000, ‘Medieval Warm Period and the beginning of the Little Ice Age in Eastern Mediterranean. An approach of physical and anthropogenic evidence’, in Belke, K., Hild, F., Koder, J., and Soustal, P. (eds.), Byzanz als Raum. Zu Methoden und Inhalten der historischen Geographie des Östlichen Mittelmeerraumes, Veröffentlichung der Kommission für die Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Denkschrift 7, pp. 223–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telelis, I.: 2004, Meteorological Phenomena and Climate in Byzantium: Approach of sources’ information and empirical indications concerning climatic fluctuations in Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (A.D. 300–1500), Academy of Athens, Ponimata No. 5, Athens, 924 pp. (in Greek with English summary).

  • Tetzlaff, G., Börngen, M., and Raabe, A.: 2001, ‘Das Jahrtausendhochwasser von 1342 und seine meteorologische Ursachen’, in Nürnberger Wasserwirtschaftstage, ATV-DVWK Landesverband Bayern, pp. 5–22.

  • Tol, R. S. J. and Langen, A.: 2000, ‘A concise history of Dutch river floods’, Clim. Change 46, 357–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrell, J. G.: 1995, ‘Paraclimatic statistics and the study of climate change: The case of the Cork region in the 1750s’, Clim. Change 29, 231–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, S.: 1999, ‘Is strange weather in the air? A study of U.S. national network news coverage of extreme weather events’, Clim. Change 41, 133–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Caenegem, R. C.: 1979, Guide to the Sources of Medieval History, North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 428 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Dool, H. M., Krijnen, H. J., and Schuurmans, C. J. E.: 1978, ‘Average winter temperatures at De Bilt (the Netherlands): 1634-1977’, Clim. Change 1, 319–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Engelen, A. F. V., Buisman, J., and IJnsen, F.: 2000, ‘Reconstruction of the Low countries temperature series AD 764–1998’, in Mikami, T. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change and Variability –Past, Present and Future, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, pp. 151–157.

  • van Engelen, A. F. V., Buisman, J., and IJnsen, F.: 2001, ‘A millennium of weather, winds and water in the Low Countries’, in Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Davies, T. D., and Briffa, K. R. (eds.), History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 101–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Engelen, A. F. V. and Geurts, H. A. M.: 1985, Nicolaus Cruquius (1675–1754) and his meteorological observations, Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut 165-IV, De Bilt, 155 pp.

  • Vinnikov, K. Ya., Groisman, P. Ya., and Lugina, K. M.: 1990, ‘Empirical data on contemporary global climate changes (temperature and precipitation)’, J. Climate 3, 662–677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Brandt, A.: 1996, Werkzeug des Historikers, 14th edn., Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 246 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Storch, H.: 2004, ‘A discourse about quasi-realistic climate models and their applications in paleoclimatic studies’, in Fischer, H., Kumke, T., Lohmann, G., Flöser, G., Miller, H., von Storch, H., and Negendank, J. F. W. (eds.), The Climate in Historical Times. Towards a synthesis of Holocene proxy data and climate models, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 43–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Storch, H., Cubasch, U., González-Rouco, F. J., Jones, J. M., Widmann, M., and Zorita, E.: 2000, ‘Combining paleoclimatic evidence and GCMs by means of Data Assimilation Through Upscaling and Nudging (DATUN)’, in 11th Symposium on Global Change Studies, American Meteorological Society, pp. 28–31.

  • von Storch, H. and Hasselmann, K.: 1996, ‘Climate variability and change’, in Hempel, G. (ed.), The Ocean and the Poles. Grand Challenges for European Cooperation, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 33–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Storch, H. and Stehr, N.: 1997, ‘The case for the social sciences in climate research’, Ambio 26, 66–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Storch, H. and Stehr, N.: 2000, ‘Climate change in perspective. Our concerns about global warming have an age-old resonance’, Nature 405, 615.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Storch, H. and Stehr, N.: 2002, ‘Towards a history of ideas of anthropogenic climate change’, in Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Behre, K.-E., and Jansen, E. (eds.), Climate Development and History in the North Atlantic Realm, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo, pp. 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, R. B., Egger, H., and Schweingruber, F. H.: 1996, ‘Interpretation extremer Jahrringwerte in der Schweiz anhand von klima-historischen Aufzeichnungen zwischen 1525 und 1800 A.D.’, Vierteljahrsschrift der Natf. Ges. Zürich 141, 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vose, R. S., Schmoyer, R. L., Steuer, P. M., Peterson, T. C., Heim, R., Karl, T. R., and Eischeid, J.: 1992, The global historical climatology network: long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and station pressure data, Report ORNL/CDIAC-53, NDP-041.

  • Wales-Smith, G. B.: 1971, ‘Monthly and annual totals of rainfall representative of Kew, Surrey, for 1697 to 1970’, Meteorol. Mag. 100, 345–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, R., Wang, S., and Fraedrich, K.: 1991, ‘An approach to reconstruction of temperature on a seasonal basis using historical documents from China’, Int. J. Climatol. 11, 381–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, H., Beck, C., Brázdil, R., Casty, C., Deutsch, M., Glaser, R., Jacobeit, J., Luterbacher, J., Pfister, C., Pohl, S., Sturm, K., Werner, P. C., and Xoplaki, E.: 2004, ‘Dynamic and socioeconomic aspects of historical floods in Central Europe’, Erdkunde 58, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, H., Brázdil, R., Frich, P., Frydendahl, K., Jonsson, T., Kington, J., Pfister, C., Rosenørn, S., and Wishman, E.: 1994, ‘Synoptic interpretation of monthly weather maps for the late Maunder Minimum (1675–1704)’, in Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Gläser, B. (eds.), Climatic Trends and Anomalies in Europe 1675–1715, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, pp. 401–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, H., Brönnimann, S., Casty, C., Gyalistras, D., Luterbacher, J., Schmutz, C., Stephenson, D. B., and Xoplaki, E.: 2001, ‘North Atlantic Oscillation –concepts and studies’, Surveys in Geophysics 22, 321–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, H., Holzhauser, H., Pfister, C., and Zumbühl, H.: 2000, ‘Interannual to century scale climate variability in the European Alps’, Erdkunde 54, 62–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, H. and Luterbacher, J.: 2002, ‘The LOTRED approach –a first step towards a “paleoreanalysis” for Europe’, PAGES News 10, 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, H., Pfister, C., Brázdil, R., Frich, P., Frydendahl, K., Jónsson, T., Kington, J., Lamb, H. H., Rosenørn, S., and Wishman, E.: 1995, ‘Wintertime European circulation patterns during the late Maunder Minimum cooling period (1675–1704)’, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 51, 167–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weichselgartner, J.: 2000, ‘Hochwasser als soziales Ereignis. Gesellschaftliche Faktoren einer Naturgefahr’, Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung 44, 122–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weikinn, C.: 1958–2002, Quellentexte zur Witterungsgeschichte Europas von der Zeitwende bis zum Jahre 1850. Hydrographie, Akademie-Verlag, Teil 1 (Zeitwende-1500), 1958; Teil 2 (1501–1600), 1960; Teil 3 (1601–1700), 1961; Teil 4 (1701–1750), 1963; Teil 5 (1751–1800), 2000; Teil 6 (1801–1850), 2002.

  • Werner, P. C. and Gerstengarbe, F.-W.: 2003, ‘Visual meteorological observations as indicators of climate changes, derived from long-term time series of the Potsdam station’, Meteorol. Zeitschrift 12, 47–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, D.: 1995, ‘The weather vocabulary of an eighteenth-century mariner: The log-books of Nicholas Pocock, 1740–1821’, Weather 50, 298–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, D.: 2001, ‘The weather of the European Atlantic seabord during October 1805: An excercise in historical climatology’, Clim. Change 48, 361–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, D.: 2003, ‘The weather during the voyage of the Royal Spanish Mail Ship Grimaldi, February–March 1795’, Weather 58, 20–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widmann, M., Jones, J., and von Storch, H.: in press, ‘Reconstruction of large-scale atmospheric circulation and data assimilation in palaeoclimatology’, PAGES Newsletter.

  • Wigley, T. M. L.: 1978, ‘Climatic change since 1000 AD’, in Évolution des atmosphères planétaries et climatologie de la terre, Centre national d’etudes spatiales, Toulouse, pp. 313–323.

  • Wigley, T. M. L., Huckstep, N. J., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Farmer, G., Mortimer, R., and Ingram, M. J.: 1985, ‘Historical climate impact assessments’, in Kates, R. W., Ausubel, J. H., and Berberian, M. (eds.), Climate Impact Assessment. Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society, Wiley, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, pp. 529–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, T. M. L., Ingram, M. J., and Farmer, G. (eds.): 1981, Climate and History. Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 530 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A. and Archer, D.: 2000, ‘The use of historic flood information in the English Midlands to improve risk assessment’, Hydrol. Sci. J. 47, 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wishman, E., Frenzel, B., and Weiss, M. M. (eds.): 1998, Documentary Climatic Evidence for 1750–1850 and the fourteenth century, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, Lübeck, Ulm, 192 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xoplaki, E., Maheras, P., and Luterbacher, J.: 2001, ‘Variability of climate in meridional Balkans during the periods 1675–1715 and 1780–1830 and its impact on human life’, Clim. Change 48, 581–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, Z., Alexandre, P., and Demarée, G.: 1997, ‘Narrative warm/cold variations in continental western Europe, AD 708–1426’, Science in China 40, 509–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinke, J., von Storch, H., Müller, B., Zorita, E., Rein, B., Mieding, H. B., Miller, H., Lücke, A., Schleser, G. H., Schwab, M. J., Negendank, J. F. W., Kienel, U., González-Rouco, J. F., Dullo, C., and Eisenhauser, A.: 2004, ‘Evidence for the climate during the Late Maunder Minimum from proxy data available within KIHZ’, in Fischer, H., Kumke, T., Lohmann, G., Flöser, G., Miller, H., von Storch, H., and Negendank, J. F. W. (eds.), The Climate in Historical Times. Towards a synthesis of Holocene proxy data and climate models, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 397–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zorita, E. and González-Rouco, J. F.: 2002, ‘Are temperature-sensitive proxies adequate for North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions?’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 14–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zorita, E., von Storch, H., González-Rouco, F., Cubasch, U., Luterbacher, J., Legutke, S., Fischer-Bruns, I., and Schlese, U.: in press, ‘Transient simulation of the climate of the last five centuries with an atmosphere-ocean coupled model: The Late Maunder Minimum and the Little Ice Age’, Meteorol. Zeitschrift.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rudolf BráZdil.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

BráZdil, R., Pfister, C., Wanner, H. et al. Historical Climatology In Europe – The State Of The Art. Climatic Change 70, 363–430 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5924-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5924-1

Keywords

Navigation