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Physiological Stress Response Reactivity Mediates the Link Between Emotional Abuse and Youth Internalizing Problems

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Abstract

Youth who are raised in emotionally abusive families are more likely to have poor mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety. However, the mechanisms of this association are unclear. The present study utilized a longitudinal sample of low-SES youth (N = 101, MageT1 = 10.24) to examine stress response reactivity (i.e. vagal withdrawal, sympathetic activation, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal [HPA] axis activation) as mediators between emotional abuse and prospective youth internalizing symptoms. Results indicated that blunted HPA reactivity to a laboratory social stress task mediated the association between emotional abuse and youth internalizing symptoms. Emotional abuse was also associated with blunted parasympathetic nervous system activity (i.e. less vagal withdrawal than average). In sum, emotional abuse is a potent risk factor for youth internalizing symptoms, and this link may be mediated via dysregulation in physiological stress response systems. Primary prevention of childhood emotional abuse and secondary prevention programs that target self-regulation skills may reduce rates of youth internalizing symptoms and disorders.

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Notes

  1. Note that the residualized change score was also calculated and analyzed in order to perform a sensitivity check. Results did not differ from the analysis using the difference score to measure reactivity.

  2. We tested a model with latent internalizing predicted by only corporal punishment. In this model, there was not a direct association between the two variables (β = −.14, p = .41). We then added emotional abuse to the model. In this model, there was a significant association between emotional abuse and internalizing as expected (β = .62, p < .001), and an unexpected inverse association between corporal punishment and internalizing (β = −.39, p < .01). Notably, when testing this model with only emotional abuse as a predictor, there is a positive but smaller effect size with internalizing (β = .47, p < .001). As a result, we concluded that the association between corporal punishment and internalizing is due to a suppression effect.

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Funding

Funding was provided by National Institute of Mental Health (Grant No. T32 MH20061), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (Grant No. UL1TR002378) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (Grant No. K01DA045219).

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  1. Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA

    Erinn Bernstein Duprey

  2. Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    Assaf Oshri, Steven M. Kogan & Margaret O’Brien Caughy

  3. Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA

    Sihong Liu

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Duprey, E.B., Oshri, A., Liu, S. et al. Physiological Stress Response Reactivity Mediates the Link Between Emotional Abuse and Youth Internalizing Problems. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 52, 450–463 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01033-1

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