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Longitudinal Trajectories of Depression Symptoms in Adolescence: Psychosocial Risk Factors and Outcomes

Child Psychiatry & Human Development volume 48, pages 554–571 (2017)Cite this article

Abstract

Variations in symptom trajectories within a population may represent distinct groups with different etiologies and outcomes. This study aimed to identify subgroups of depression symptom trajectories in a sample of adolescents, and to describe psychosocial attributes of the different groups. In a longitudinal study, 243 adolescents (121 males and 122 females), were assessed using a battery of measures of temperament, psychopathology, and psychological and behavioral functioning. Four phases of data collection over 7 years spanned average ages of the participants from 12 to 18 years old. Depressive symptoms from each phase were used to model latent class growth trajectories. A 4-group solution was selected as the best-fitting model: (1) ongoing stable low levels of depression; (2) very high depressive symptoms initially, but a steep decrease in symptoms over time; (3) moderately high depressive symptoms initially, but symptoms decreased over time; and (4) initially low levels of symptoms that increased over time. Trajectory group membership was associated with a range of psychosocial variables including temperament, childhood maltreatment, and young adult quality of life. Characterising these subgroups allows for a better understanding of how the interaction of risk factors increases the likelihood of depression and other poor outcomes, and highlights the importance of early interventions to prevent and treat adolescent depression.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Sarah Mitchell for providing training in the statistical techniques used in this study. We would also like to sincerely thank the participating families for their loyal support of the Orygen Adolescent Development Study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Rachel E. R. Ellis, Julian G. Simmons, Sarah Whittle, Orli S. Schwartz & Nicholas B. Allen

  2. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Marc L. Seal

  3. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

    Rachel E. R. Ellis & Marc L. Seal

  4. Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Rachel E. R. Ellis, Orli S. Schwartz & Nicholas B. Allen

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia

    Julian G. Simmons & Sarah Whittle

  6. Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1227, USA

    Michelle L. Byrne & Nicholas B. Allen

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  1. Rachel E. R. Ellis
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Ellis, R., Seal, M.L., Simmons, J.G. et al. Longitudinal Trajectories of Depression Symptoms in Adolescence: Psychosocial Risk Factors and Outcomes. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 48, 554–571 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0682-z

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Keywords

  • Depression
  • Adolescence
  • Growth mixture modeling
  • Risk factors
  • Longitudinal studies