Abstract
Homocysteine (HCY) has been linked to oxidative stress and varied metabolic changes that are dependent on its concentration and affected tissues. In the present study we evaluate parameters of energy metabolism [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), complex II and IV (cytochrome c oxidase), and ATP levels] and oxidative stress [DCFH oxidation, nitrite levels, antioxidant enzymes and lipid, protein and DNA damages, as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related (Nrf2) protein abundance] in amygdala and prefrontal cortex of HCY-treated rats. Wistar male rats were treated with a subcutaneous injection of HCY (0.03 µmol/g of body weight) from the 30th to 60th post-natal day, twice a day, to induce mild hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY). The rats were euthanatized without anesthesia at 12 h after the last injection, and amygdala and prefrontal cortex were dissected for biochemical analyses. In the amygdala, mild HHCY increased activities of SDH and complex II and decreased complex IV and ATP level, as well as increased antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), nitrite levels, DNA damage, and Nrf 2 protein abundance. In the prefrontal cortex, mild HHCY did not alter energy metabolism, but increased glutathione peroxidase, catalase and DNA damage. Other analyzed parameters were not altered by HCY-treatment. Our findings suggested that chronic mild HHCY changes each brain structure, particularly and specifically. These changes may be associated with the mechanisms by which chronic mild HHCY has been linked to the risk factor of fear, mood disorders and depression, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abbreviations
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- Complex II:
-
Succinate dehydrogenase enzyme complexe
- Complex IV:
-
Cytochrome c oxidase enzyme
- DCFH:
-
2′,7′-dihydrodichlorofluorescein
- DCF:
-
2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GR:
-
Glutathione reductase
- GSH:
-
Reduced glutathione
- GSSG:
-
Oxidized glutathione
- HCY:
-
Homocysteine
- HHCY:
-
Hyperhomocysteinemia
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- MET:
-
Methionine
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SDH:
-
Succinate dehydrogenase enzyme
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TBARS:
-
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
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This study was supported by Edital Universal/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), INCT (EN 465671/2014-4)/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) – Brazil, and PRONEX(16/2551-0000465-0)/Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) – Brazil.
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T.M.S., C.S., and A.T S.W. were responsible for most of the experiments developed and the writing of the scientific article. The co-authors M.F.O. and V.M. contributed to the accomplishment of the comet experiment to evaluate DNA damage.
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The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in Porto Alegre (CEUA/UFRGS #33301). Every effort was made to minimize the number of animals and the distress caused throughout the experiment.
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dos Santos, T.M., Siebert, C., de Oliveira, M.F. et al. Chronic mild Hyperhomocysteinemia impairs energy metabolism, promotes DNA damage and induces a Nrf2 response to oxidative stress in rats brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 39, 687–700 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-019-00674-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-019-00674-8