Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical drugs in water is exceptionally undesirable and highly concerning for human health and ecology in general. Hence, graphene oxide (GO) and polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles rationally immobilized in chitosan matrix (CS/GO/PANI) based hydrogel thin films have been developed for ibuprofen scavenging from the aqueous solution. The prepared thin films have been characterized for crystalline structure, surface change, and morphological analysis. Moreover, the interaction between ibuprofen and CS/GO/PANI thin film has been investigated using infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques to determine the adsorption mechanism. The results indicated that the adsorption of ibuprofen reduces as the quantity of GO in the thin films increases. Additionally, the rise in PANI amount in CS/GO/PANI thin film increases the efficiency of ibuprofen removal. The scavenging of ibuprofen at different solution pH revealed that non-ionic ibuprofen molecules showed a higher interaction with the positively changed CS/GO/PANI thin film, and non-electrostatic forces like hydrogen bonding, π–π bonding, etc. were involved in the adsorption between the functional groups of ibuprofen and CS/GO/PANI thin film. These results were further supported by the kinetic and isotherm studies, which showed ibuprofen adsorption data best obeyed the Elovich and Redlich-Peterson models. Ethanol demonstrated a higher regeneration potential, and CS/GO/PANI thin film can be quickly recovered and reused without significant losses in efficacy after five cycles. Therefore, CS/GO/PANI thin film could be considered an efficient thin film for decontaminating pharmaceutical compounds from the aquatic environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Available on request.
References
Abolhassani M, Griggs CS, Gurtowski LA, Mattei-Sosa JA, Nevins M, Medina VF, Morgan TA, Greenlee LF (2017) Scalable chitosan-graphene oxide membranes: the effect of GO size on properties and cross-flow filtration performance. ACS Omega 7:28751–28759
Abin-Bazaine A, Campos Trujillo A, Olmos-Marquez M (2022) Adsorption isotherms: enlightenment of the phenomenon of adsorption. Intech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104260
Ahmed MJ, Hameed BH, Hummadi EH (2020) Review on recent progress in chitosan/chitin-carbonaceous material composites for the adsorption of water pollutants. Carbohydr Polym 247:116690
Alluhaybi AA, Hameed AM, Alotaibi MT, Alharbi A, Shahat A (2023) Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanospheres for adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solution: optimization by Box-Behnken design. J Mole Liq 383:122059
Alkhathami ND, Alamrani NA, Hameed A, Al-Qahtani SD, Shah R, El-Metwaly NM (2023) Adsorption of pharmaceutical ibuprofen over functionalized zirconium metal-organic frameworks; batch experiment and mechanism of interaction. Polyhedron 235:116349
Arivoli S, Hema M, Martin P, Prasath D (2009) Adsorption of malachite green onto carbon prepared from borassus bark. Arab J Sci Eng Sect A 34(2):31–42
Aziz SB, Abdullah OG, Rasheed MA, Ahmed HM (2017) Effect of High Salt Concentration (HSC) on structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics of chitosan based solid polymer electrolytes. Polymers 9(6):187
Banerjee P, Das P, Zaman A, Das P (2016) Application of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solutions: evaluation of process kinetics and thermodynamics. Process Saf Environ Prot 101:45–53
Bany-Aiesh H, Banat R, Al-Sou’od K (2015) Kinetics and adsorption isotherm of ibuprofen onto grafted [Beta]-CD/chitosan polymer. Am J Appl Sci 12:917
Bexfield LM, Toccalino PL, Belitz K, Foreman WT, Furlong ET (2019) Hormones and pharmaceuticals in groundwater used as a source of drinking water across the United States. Environ Sci Technol 53:2950–2960
Cho HH, Huang H, Schwab K (2011) Effects of solution chemistry on the adsorption of ibuprofen and triclosan onto carbon nanotubes. Langmuir 27(21):12960–12967
Daniyal WMEMM, Fen YW, Saleviter S, Chanlek N, Nakajima H, Abdullah J, Yusof NA (2021) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of chitosan–graphene oxide-based composite thin films for potential optical sensing applications. Polymers 13(3):478
El Rouby WM, Farghali AA, Sadek MA, Khalil WF (2018) Fast removal of Sr (II) from water by graphene oxide and chitosan modified graphene oxide. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 28:2336–2349
Eniola JO, Kumar R, Barakat MA, Rashid J (2022) A review on conventional and advanced hybrid technologies for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. J Clean Prod 356:131826
Fadzail F, Hasan M, Mokhtar Z (2021) Adsorption of ibuprofen using activated carbon derived from Dillenia Indica peels. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 646:012031
Filippa MA, Gasull EI (2013) Ibuprofen solubility in pure organic solvents and aqueous mixtures of cosolvents: interactions and thermodynamic parameters relating to the solvation process. Fluid Phase Equilib 354:185–190
González-González RB, Sharma A, Parra-Saldívar R, Ramirez-Mendoza RA, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN (2022) Decontamination of emerging pharmaceutical pollutants using carbon-dots as robust materials. J Hazard Mater 423(Part B):127145
Guedidi H, Reinert L, Soneda Y, Bellakhal N, Duclaux L (2017) Adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solution on chemically surface-modified activated carbon cloths. Arab J Chem 10:S3584–S3594
Han X, Liu Y, Xiong L, Huang H, Zhang Q, Li L, Yu X, Wei L (2019) Facile assembly of polyaniline/graphene oxide composite hydrogels as adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal. Polym Compos 40(S2):Graphene and Carbon Fibers E1777-E1785
Iovino P, Canzano S, Capasso S, Erto A, Musmarra D (2015) A modeling analysis for the assessment of ibuprofen adsorption mechanism onto activated carbons. Chem Eng J 277:360–367
Jilani A, Hussain SZ, Ansari MO, Kumar R, Dustgeer MR, Othman MHD, Barakat M, Melaibari AA (2021) Facile synthesis of silver decorated reduced graphene oxide@ zinc oxide as ternary nanocomposite: an efficient photocatalyst for the enhanced degradation of organic dye under UV–visible light. J Mater Sci 56:7434–7450
Jun BM, Heo J, Park CM, Yoon Y (2019) Comprehensive evaluation of the removal mechanism of carbamazepine and ibuprofen by metal organic framework. Chemosphere 235:527–537
Kollarahithlu SC, Balakrishnan RM (2021) Adsorption of pharmaceuticals pollutants, Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and streptomycin from the aqueous phase using amine functionalized superparamagnetic silica nanocomposite. J Clean Prod 294:126155
Kumar ASK, Jiang SJ (2016) Chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide: a novel adsorbent an efficient adsorption of arsenic from aqueous solution. J Environ Chem Eng 4(2):1698–1713
Lee SK, Wang M, Lee JH, Suhr J (2020) Development of reversibly compressible feather-like lightweight Chitosan/GO composite foams and their mechanical and viscoelastic properties. Carbon 157:191–200
Liu H, Qiu H (2020) Recent advances of 3D graphene-based adsorbents for sample preparation of water pollutants: a review. J Chem Eng 393:124691
Lou T, Wang X, Song G, Cui G (2017) Synthesis and flocculation performance of a chitosan–acrylamide–fulvic acid ternary copolymer. Carbohydr Polym 170:182–189
Manimegalai S, Vickram S, Deena SR, Rohini K, Thanigaivel S, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Kim W, Govarthanan M (2023) Carbon-based nanomaterial intervention and efficient removal of various contaminants from effluents – A review. Chemosphere 312(Part 1)137319
Minisy IM, Salahuddin NA, Ayad MM (2019) (2021) Chitosan/polyaniline hybrid for the removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 136:47056
Njaramba LK, Kim M, Yea Y, Yoon Y, Park CM (2023) Efficient adsorption of naproxen and ibuprofen by gelatin/zirconium-based metal–organic framework/sepiolite aerogels via synergistic mechanisms. Chem Eng J 452:139426
Oba SN, Ighalo JO, Aniagor CO, Igwegbe CA (2021) Removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media by adsorption: a comprehensive review. Sci Total Environ 780:146608
Ortiz de García SA, Pinto Pinto G, García-Encina PA, Irusta-Mata R (2014) Ecotoxicity and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic environments and wastewater treatment plants. Ecotoxicology 23:1517–1533
Phasuphan W, Praphairaksit N, Imyim A (2019) Removal of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen from water using chitosan-modified waste tire crumb rubber. J Mol Liq 294:111554
Rabbat C, Pinna A, Andres Y, Villot A, Awad S (2023) Adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solution onto a raw and steam-activated biochar derived from recycled textiles insulation panels at end-of-life: kinetic, isotherm and fixed-bed experiments. J Water Pro Eng 53:103830
Rathore BS, Chauhan NPS, Rawal MK, Ameta SC, Ameta R (2020) Chitosan–polyaniline–copper (II) oxide hybrid composite for the removal of methyl orange dye. Polym Bull 77:4833–4850
Sabzevari M, Cree DE, Lee D (2018) Wilson Graphene oxide-chitosan composite material for treatment of a model dye effluent. ACS Omega 3(10):13045–13054
Sahnoun S, Boutahala M (2018) Adsorption removal of tartrazine by chitosan/polyaniline composite: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Int J Biol Macromol 114:1345–1353
Sahin OI, Saygi-Yalcin B, Saloglu D (2020) Adsorption of ibuprofen from wastewater using activated carbon and graphene oxide embedded chitosan–PVA: equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics and optimization with central composite design. Desalin Water Treat 179:396–417
Samadi A, Xie M, Li J, Shon H, Zheng C, Zhao S (2021) Polyaniline-based adsorbents for aqueous pollutants removal: a review. J Chem Eng 418:129425
Selvam S, Yim JH (2021) Leakage free electrolyte engraved flexible supercapacitors from Chitosan/GO@ MnCO3 polymer hydrogel chelate film under BMIMBF4 ionic liquid assistance. J Energy Storage 43:103300
Shao D, Hou G, Li J, Wen T, Ren X, Wang X (2014) PANI/GO as a super adsorbent for the selective adsorption of uranium (VI). Chem Eng J 255:604–612
Sikorski P, Hori R, Wada M (2009) Revisit of α-chitin crystal structure using high resolution x-ray diffraction data. Biomacromol 10:1100–1105
Streit AF, Collazzo GC, Druzian SP, Verdi RS, Foletto EL, Oliveira LF, Dotto GL (2021) Adsorption of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and paracetamol onto activated carbon prepared from effluent treatment plant sludge of the beverage industry. Chemosphere 262:128322
Su Z, Sun D, Zhang L, He M, Jiang Y, Millar B, Douglas P, Mariotti D, Maguire P, Sun D (2021) Chitosan/silver nanoparticle/graphene oxide nanocomposites with multi-drug release, antimicrobial, and photothermal conversion functions. Materials 14:2351
Talukder MMd, Khan MMRMd, Amin KMd (2023) A review on polyaniline (PANI) based nanocomposites for water purification, South African. J Chem Eng 44:276–282
Usman F, Dennis JO, Seong KC, Ahmed AY, Meriaudeau F, Ayodele OB, Tobi AR, Abdelkarim SA, Yar, Rabih A (2019) Synthesis and characterization of a ternary composite of polyaniline, reduced graphene-oxide and chitosan with reduced optical band gap and stable aqueous dispersibility. Results Phys 15:102690
Van Tran T, Cam Nguyen DT, Le HT, Nguyen OT, Nguyen VH, Nguyen TT, Bach LG, Nguyen TD (2019) A hollow mesoporous carbon from metal-organic framework for robust adsorbability of ibuprofen drug in water. R Soc Open Sci 6(5):190058
Wang Y, Wei X, Zhang R, Wu Y, Farid MU, Huang H (2017) Comparison of chemical, ultrasonic and thermal regeneration of carbon nanotubes for acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and triclosan adsorption. RSC Adv 7(83):52719–52728
Wu X, Wu Y, Dong H, Zhao J, Wang C, Zhou S, Lu J, Yan Y, Li H (2018) Accelerating the design of molecularly imprinted nanocomposite membranes modified by Au@polyaniline for selective enrichment and separation of ibuprofen. Appl Surf Sci 428:555–565
Xiong P, Zhang H, Li G, Liao C, Jiang G (2021) Adsorption removal of ibuprofen and naproxen from aqueous solution with Cu-doped Mil-101 (Fe). Sci Total Environ 797:149179
Yoo SH, Lee SC, Jang HY, Kim SB (2023) Characterization of ibuprofen removal by calcined spherical hydrochar through adsorption experiments, molecular modeling, and artificial neural network predictions. Chemosphere 311:137074
Zhang W, Huang T, Ren Y, Yang S, Zhao X, Yuan M, Wang, Tu Q (2022) A multifunctional chitosan composite aerogel for PPCPs adsorption. CarbohydrPolym 298:120102
Zhang H., Yang H., Shao J., Chen Y., Zhang S., Chen, H. (2023) Multifunctional carboxymethyl cellulose sodium encapsulated phosphorus-enriched biochar composites: multistage adsorption of heavy metals and controllable release of soil fertilization. Chem Eng J 453(Part 1)139809
Zuo P-P, Feng H-F, Xu Z-Z, Zhang L-F, Zhang Y-L, Xia W, Zhang W-Q (2013) Fabrication of biocompatible and mechanically reinforced graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposite films. Chem Cent J 7:39
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant No. (D-226-155-1439). The authors, therefore, gratefully acknowledge the DSR technical and financial support.
Funding
This work was funded by KAU, D-226–155-1339.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization and methodology: R.K.; and M.A.B.; analysis and investigation: R.K.; resources, M.A.B.; writing—review and editing: R.K.; and M.A.B.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, R., Barakat, M.A. Flexible multifunctional chitosan/graphene oxide/polyaniline hydrogel thin films for adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solution. Cellulose (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-05891-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-05891-z