Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activated by nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts shows outstanding performance in wastewater treatment. Using cotton fibers with four crystalline structures from waste cotton as the carbon source and low-cost urea as the nitrogen source, four nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts (CU-I, CU-II, CU-III, and CU-IV) were prepared via carbonization and applied to activate PMS for degrading Reactive Blue 19 in wastewater. The results proved cotton fiber III as the preferred crystal structure. Within 40 min, the degradation efficiency of CU-III/PMS on Reactive Blue 19 reached 99%. Furthermore, CU-III exhibited an excellent degradation efficiency in a wide pH range from 3 to 11. After four degradation cycles, the degradation rate could still reach about 60%. The existence of ·OH, SO4cent years, advanced o, 1O2, and O2·− reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the CU-III/PMS system was confirmed by radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, which proved 1O2 as the main ROS. Non-radical electron transfer processes were also involved in the degradation. The active sites (pyridine nitrogen, pyrrolic nitrogen, and C=C species) of the nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts played vital roles in PMS activation. The toxicity experiments of high-concentration ions and degradation experiments of different dyes demonstrated the promise of the CU-III/PMS system in treating wastewater with various dye pollutants. In general, the prepared catalysts provide a new idea for both waste cotton recycling and wastewater treatment.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials.
References
Bejarano-Perez NJ, Suarez-Herrera MF (2008) Sonochemical and sonophotocatalytic degradation of malachite green: the effect of carbon tetrachloride on reaction rates. Ultrason Sonochem 15(4):612–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.09.009
Brack W, Heine B, Birkhold F, Kruse M, Schoch G, Tischer S, Deutschmann O (2014) Kinetic modeling of urea decomposition based on systematic thermogravimetric analyses of urea and its most important by-products. Chem Eng Sci 106:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2013.11.013
Byambaa B, Kim E-J, Seid MG, An B-M, Cho J, Aung SL, Song KG (2023) Synthesis of N-doped sludge biochar using the hydrothermal route-enabled carbonization method for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants by peroxymonosulfate activation. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.141037
Chen J, Zhang L, Huang T, Li W, Wang Y, Wang Z (2016) Decolorization of azo dye by peroxymonosulfate activated by carbon nanotube: radical versus non-radical mechanism. J Hazard Mater 320:571–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.038
Chen X, Oh W-D, Hu Z-T, Sun Y-M, Webster RD, Li S-Z, Lim T-T (2018) Enhancing sulfacetamide degradation by peroxymonosulfate activation with N-doped graphene produced through delicately-controlled nitrogen functionalization via tweaking thermal annealing processes. Appl Catal B 225:243–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.11.071
Chen Z, Li T, Zhu Y, Liang X, Zhao Z, Wang D, Li J, Gao Y, Hu C (2021) Efficient light-free activation of peroxymonosulfate by carbon ring conjugated carbon nitride for elimination of organic pollutants. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129671
Chen Y, Liang Q, Deng Y, Bin Y, Wang T, Luo H (2022) Peroxymonosulfate activation by concave porous S/N co-doped carbon: singlet oxygen-dominated non-radical efficient oxidation of organics. J Environ Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107933
Cheng J, Wei N, Wang Y, Long Y, Fan G (2021) Direct transformation of bulk cobalt foam into cobalt nanoparticles encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for peroxymonosulfate activation toward rhodamine B degradation. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119441
Cheng N, Huang J, Wang Y (2022) Establishment of electrochemical treatment method to dye wastewater and its application to real samples. Main Group Chem 21(2):523–537. https://doi.org/10.3233/mgc-210148
Chesney AR, Booth CJ, Lietz CB, Li L, Pedersen JA (2016) Peroxymonosulfate rapidly inactivates the disease-associated prion protein. Environ Sci Technol 50(13):7095–7105. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06294
Finkenstadt VL, Millane RP (1998) Crystal structure of valonia cellulose Iβ. Macromolecules 31(22):7776–7783. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9804895
Gardiner ES, Sarko A (1985) Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides. 16. The crystal structures of celluloses IVI and IVII. Can J Chem 63(1):173–180. https://doi.org/10.1139/v85-027
Guo D, Shibuya R, Akiba C, Saji S, Kondo T, Nakamura J (2016) Active sites of nitrogen-doped carbon materials for oxygen reduction reaction clarified using model catalysts. Science 351(6271):361–365. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0832
Gupta KM, Jiang J (2015) Cellulose dissolution and regeneration in ionic liquids: a computational perspective. Chem Eng Sci 121:180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2014.07.025
Han R, Fang Y, Sun P, Xie K, Zhai Z, Liu H, Liu H (2021) N-doped biochar as a new metal-free activator of peroxymonosulfate for singlet oxygen-dominated catalytic degradation of acid orange 7. Nanomaterials (basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092288
Hayat W, Zhang Y, Huang S, Hussain I, Huang R (2021) Insight into the degradation of methomyl in water by peroxymonosulfate. J Environ Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105358
He Y-L, He C-S, Lai L-D, Zhou P, Zhang H, Li L-L, Xiong Z-K, Mu Y, Pan Z-C, Yao G, Lai B (2022) Activating peroxymonosulfate by N and O co-doped porous carbon for efficient BPA degradation: a re-visit to the removal mechanism and the effects of surface unpaired electrons. Appl Catal B Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121390
Hebeish AA, Shahin AA, Ragheb AA, Abd El-Thalouth I, Allam EE, Shaban HA (2019) Innovation of radically new colorant hybrid nanocomposite for printing various textile fabrics. Fiber Polym 20(1):69–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-7809-3
Hou J, Xu L, Han Y, Tang Y, Wan H, Xu Z, Zheng S (2019) Deactivation and regeneration of carbon nanotubes and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes in catalytic peroxymonosulfate activation for phenol degradation: variation of surface functionalities. RSC Adv 9(2):974–983. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra07696k
Hu L, Yang F, Zou L, Yuan H, Hu X (2015) CoFe/SBA-15 catalyst coupled with peroxymonosulfate for heterogeneous catalytic degradation of rhodamine B in water. Chin J Catal 36(10):1785–1797. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(15)60939-1
Hu W, Xie Y, Lu S, Li P, Xie T, Zhang Y, Wang Y (2019) One-step synthesis of nitrogen-doped sludge carbon as a bifunctional material for the adsorption and catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants. Sci Total Environ 680:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.098
Jiang Z, Zhao J, Li C, Liao Q, Xiao R, Yang W (2020) Strong synergistic effect of Co3O4 encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes on the nonradical-dominated persulfate activation. Carbon 158:172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.066
Jiang HY, Hu XD, Khan A, Yao JB, Hussain MT (2021) Dyeing mechanism and photodegradation kinetics of gardenia yellow natural colorant. Text Res J 91(7–8):839–850. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517520958483
Jo Y, Kim C, Moon G-H, Lee J, An T, Choi W (2018) Activation of peroxymonosulfate on visible light irradiated TiO2 via a charge transfer complex path. Chem Eng J 346:249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.150
Kang J, Zhang H, Duan X, Sun H, Tan X, Liu S, Wang S (2019) Magnetic Ni-Co alloy encapsulated N-doped carbon nanotubes for catalytic membrane degradation of emerging contaminants. Chem Eng J 362:251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.035
Laib S, Yazid HR, Guendouz N, Belmedani M, Sadaoui Z (2018) Heterogeneous Fenton catalyst derived from hydroxide sludge as an efficient and reusable catalyst for anthraquinone dye degradation. Sep Sci Technol 54(8):1338–1352. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1531892
Laib S, Rezzaz-Yazid H, Yatmaz HC, Sadaoui Z (2021) Low cost effective heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst from drinking water treatment residuals for reactive blue 19 degradation: preparation and characterization. Water Environ Res 93(7):1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1513
Langan P, Nishiyama Y, Chanzy H (1999) A revised structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose II from a neutron fiber diffraction analysis. J Am Chem Soc 121(43):9940–9946. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9916254
Lee E, Kim I, Cho G (2018) Visual sensibility evaluation of Korean traditional indigo-dyed lyocell fabrics. Color Technol 134(4):275–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/cote.12347
Li Z, Ma S, Xu S, Fu H, Li Y, Zhao P, Meng Q (2019) Heterogeneous catalytic degradation of organic pollutants by peroxymonosulfate activated with nitrogen doped graphene oxide loaded CuFe2O4. Colloids Surf A 577:202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.05.067
Li W, Zhang H, Song Y, Li W, Chen W, Wu H (2022) Effect of the crystalline structure of cotton cellulose on the photocatalytic activities of cotton fibers immobilized with TiO2 nanoparticles. Cellulose 29(11):6441–6459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04663-x
Liu S, Zhao C, Wang Z, Ding H, Deng H, Yang G, Li J, Zheng H (2020) Urea-assisted one-step fabrication of a novel nitrogen-doped carbon fiber aerogel from cotton as metal-free catalyst in peroxymonosulfate activation for efficient degradation of carbamazepine. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124015
Liu J, Huang S, Wang T, Mei M, Chen S, Li J (2021) Peroxydisulfate activation by digestate-derived biochar for azo dye degradation: mechanism and performance. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119687
Liu S, Yin S, Zhang Z, Feng L, Liu Y, Zhang L (2023) Regulation of defects and nitrogen species on carbon nanotube by plasma-etching for peroxymonosulfate activation: inducing non-radical/radical oxidation of organic contaminants. J Hazard Mater 441:129905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129905
Long Y, Li S, Yang P, Chen X, Liu W, Zhan X, Xue C, Liu D, Huang W (2022) Synthesis of ZIF-67 derived honeycomb porous Co/NC catalyst for AO7 degradation via activation of peroxymonosulfate. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120470
Lu Y, Niu Z, Yuan W (2019) Multifunctional magnetic superhydrophobic carbonaceous aerogel with micro/nano-scale hierarchical structures for environmental remediation and energy storage. Appl Surf Sci 480:851–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.03.060
Lu L, Fan W, Meng X, Xue L, Ge S, Wang C, Foong SY, Tan CSY, Sonne C, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M, Lam SS (2023) Current recycling strategies and high-value utilization of waste cotton. Sci Total Environ 856(Pt 1):158798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158798
Ma J, Liu Y, Ali O, Wei Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Cai T, Liu C, Luo S (2018) Fast adsorption of heavy metal ions by waste cotton fabrics based double network hydrogel and influencing factors insight. J Hazard Mater 344:1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.041
Nasiri A, Malakootian M, Heidari MR, Asadzadeh SN (2021) CoFe2O4@Methylcelloluse as a new magnetic nano biocomposite for sonocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 19. J Polym Environ 29(8):2660–2675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02074-w
Noorimotlagh Z, Dehvari M, Mirzaee SA, Jaafarzadeh N, Martínez SS, Amarloei A (2023) Efficient sonocatalytic degradation of orange II dye and real textile wastewater using peroxymonosulfate activated with a novel heterogeneous TiO2–FeZn bimetallic nanocatalyst. J Iran Chem Soc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-023-02780-3
Oztekin A, Almaz Z, Onlu S (2021) Production and purification of peroxidases from callus cultures of white and red cabbage for enzymatic decolourization of reactive blue 19 and acid blue 25 dyes. Biocatal Biotransform 40(4):286–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242422.2021.1906659
Pang Y, Ruan Y, Feng Y, Diao Z, Shih K, Hou L, Chen D, Kong L (2019) Ultrasound assisted zero valent iron corrosion for peroxymonosulfate activation for Rhodamine-B degradation. Chemosphere 228:412–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.164
Peng Q, Ding Y, Zhu L, Zhang G, Tang H (2018) Fast and complete degradation of norfloxacin by using Fe/Fe3C@NG as a bifunctional catalyst for activating peroxymonosulfate. Sep Purif Technol 202:307–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.049
Peng W, Liao J, Yan Y, Chen L, Ge C, Lin S (2022) Enriched nitrogen-doped carbon derived from expired drug with dual active sites as effective peroxymonosulfate activator: Ultra-fast sulfamethoxazole degradation and mechanism insight. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137407
Qi L, Zhang H, Xiao C, Ni L, Chen S, Qi J, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Li J (2023) Improvement of peroxymonosulfate utilization efficiency for sulfamethazine degradation by photo-electron activating peroxymonosulfate: performance and mechanism. J Colloid Interface Sci 633:411–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.079
Qin Q, Qiao N, Liu Y, Wu X (2020) Spongelike porous CuO as an efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for degradation of Acid Orange 7. Appl Surf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146479
Ren W, Nie G, Zhou P, Zhang H, Duan X, Wang S (2020) The intrinsic nature of persulfate activation and N-doping in carbocatalysis. Environ Sci Technol 54(10):6438–6447. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01161
Shi Y, Huang J, Zeng G, Cheng W, Hu J (2019) Photocatalytic membrane in water purification: Is it stepping closer to be driven by visible light? J Membr Sci 584:364–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.078
Sun H, Peng X, Zhang S, Liu S, Xiong Y, Tian S, Fang J (2017) Activation of peroxymonosulfate by nitrogen-functionalized sludge carbon for efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water. Bioresour Technol 241:244–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.102
Thao LT, Nguyen TV, Nguyen VQ, Phan NM, Kim KJ, Huy NN, Dung NT (2023) Orange G degradation by heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate activation based on magnetic MnFe2O4/alpha-MnO(2) hybrid. J Environ Sci (china) 124:379–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.008
Wada M, Chanzy H, Nishiyama Y, Langan P (2004) Cellulose IIII crystal structure and hydrogen bonding by synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. Macromolecules 37(23):8548–8555. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0485585
Wan Y, Hu Y, Zhou W (2022) Catalytic mechanism of nitrogen-doped biochar under different pyrolysis temperatures: the crucial roles of nitrogen incorporation and carbon configuration. Sci Total Environ 816:151502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151502
Wang G, Liu Y, Dong X, Zhang X (2022a) Transforming radical to non-radical pathway in peroxymonosulfate activation on nitrogen doped carbon sphere for enhanced removal of organic pollutants: combined effect of nitrogen species and carbon structure. J Hazard Mater 437:129357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129357
Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yin Z, Liu Z, Liu Y, Yang Z, Yang W (2022b) Adsorption and catalysis of peroxymonosulfate on carbocatalysts for phenol degradation: the role of pyrrolic-nitrogen. Appl Catal B Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121891
Wang Z, Liu B, Ji C, Tang L, Huang B, Feng L, Feng Y (2023) Insight into electrochemically boosted trace Co(II)-PMS catalytic process: sustainable Co(IV)/Co(III)/Co(II) cycling and side reaction blocking. J Hazard Mater 448:130905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130905
Wei X, Wang P, Guo Y, Zhou X, Wu F, Song Y, Zhang R, Zhang N, Xu H, Peng S (2022) N-doped carbon supported cobalt electrospun nanofibers activated peroxymonosulfate system for benzothiazole degradation: multifunctional role of nitrogen species. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122099
Xie J, Luo X, Chen L, Gong X, Zhang L, Tian J (2022) ZIF-8 derived boron, nitrogen co-doped porous carbon as metal-free peroxymonosulfate activator for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation: performance, mechanism and biotoxicity. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135760
Xu J, Song J, Min Y, Xu Q, Shi P (2022) Mg-induced g-C3N4 synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon for effective activation of peroxymonosulfate to degrade organic contaminants. Chin Chem Lett 33(6):3113–3118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.005
Xue G (2021) Technology progress of dyeing wastewater treatment. Ind Water Treat. https://doi.org/10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2021-0433
Yan J, Chen C, Sun H, Su X, Zhang S (2023) Mechanism of nitrogen-doped biochar activated peroxymonosulfate for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30(13):37475–37486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24950-1
Yang Q, Ma Y, Chen F, Yao F, Sun J, Wang S, Yi K, Hou L, Li X, Wang D (2019) Recent advances in photo-activated sulfate radical-advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) for refractory organic pollutants removal in water. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122149
Yang L, Chen W, Sheng C, Wu H, Mao N, Zhang H (2021a) Fe/N-codoped carbocatalysts loaded on carbon cloth (CC) for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade methyl orange dyes. Appl Surf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149300
Yang S, Xu S, Tong J, Ding D, Wang G, Chen R, Jin P, Wang XC (2021b) Overlooked role of nitrogen dopant in carbon catalysts for peroxymonosulfate activation: Intrinsic defects or extrinsic defects? Appl Catal B Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120291
Yang L, Yang W, Fu C, Li Y, Zhang P (2023) Peroxymonosulfate-based catalytic degradation of reactive dyes in real wastewater by Fe/N-codoped carbocatalysts loaded on carbon cloth. Text Res J. https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175231195897
Yun ET, Lee JH, Kim J, Park HD, Lee J (2018) Identifying the nonradical mechanism in the peroxymonosulfate activation process: singlet oxygenation versus mediated electron transfer. Environ Sci Technol 52(12):7032–7042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00959
Zeng L, Zhao S, He M (2018) Macroscale porous carbonized polydopamine-modified cotton textile for application as electrode in microbial fuel cells. J Power Sources 376:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.071
Zhang H, Gan X, Chen S, Yu H, Quan X (2022) Non-doping 3D porous carbon with rich intrinsic defects for efficient nonradical activation of peroxymonosulfate toward the degradation of organic pollutants. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121048
Zhang H, Yao J, Zhang X, Fu C, Miao Y, Guo Y, Tong Z, Mao N (2023) Selective photocatalytic activities of amino acids/peptide-Ti3C2Tx-TiO2 composites induced by calcination: adsorption enhancement vs charge transfer enhancement. J Phys Chem C 127(5):2231–2245. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c08427
Zhao Y, Wu D, Chen Y, Li Y, Fan X, Zhang F, Zhang G, Peng W (2021) Thermal removal of partial nitrogen atoms in N-doped graphene for enhanced catalytic oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 585:640–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.043
Zhou C, Liang Y, Xia W, Almatrafi E, Song B, Wang Z, Zeng Y, Yang Y, Shang Y, Wang C, Zeng G (2023) Single atom Mn anchored on N-doped porous carbon derived from spirulina for catalyzed peroxymonosulfate to degradation of emerging organic pollutants. J Hazard Mater 441:129871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129871
Zhu K, Liu C, Xia W, Wang Y, He H, Lei L, Ai Y, Chen W, Liu X (2022) Non-radical pathway dominated degradation of organic pollutants by nitrogen-doped microtube porous graphitic carbon derived from biomass for activating peroxymonosulfate: Performance, mechanism and environmental application. J Colloid Interface Sci 625:890–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.078
Zou L, Zhu X, Lu L, Xu Y, Chen B (2021) Bimetal organic framework/graphene oxide derived magnetic porous composite catalyst for peroxymonosulfate activation in fast organic pollutant degradation. J Hazard Mater 419:126427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126427
Funding
We appreciate the financial support from the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (No. 2022JQ-525), the Shaanxi Province Key R&D Program Key Industrial Innovation Chain (Cluster)-Social Development Field (No. 2022ZDLSF01-11), the Shaanxi Province Innovative Talent Promotion Plan-Science and Technology Innovation Team (No. 2022TD-29), and the Research Project of the Key Research & Development Program of Shaanxi Province (No. 2022GY-191). The authors also acknowledge support from the Construction of the “Scientists + Engineers” Team in Qin Chuang Yuan, Shaanxi Province (No. 2023KXJ-275), and the General Customs Administration of China (No. 2022HK042).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Wenqiang Yang and Limeng Yang wrote the main manuscript text, and Yamin Yang prepared figures 1-3, Chengyu Fu prepared figures 4-6. All authors reviewed the manuscript. The contribution of Limeng Yang and Pengfei Zhang to this article is considerable, so the corresponding authors are Limeng Yang and Pengfei Zhang.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, W., Yang, L., Yang, Y. et al. Using “waste” cotton-derived cellulose with different crystal structures to prepare nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade Reactive Blue 19 “waste” water. Cellulose 31, 3221–3242 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-05783-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-05783-2