Abstract
A halogen-free and formaldehyde-free phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic flame retardant, pentaethylenehexaamine phosphoramidite ammonium phosphonate (APPEHA), was synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that APPEHA was grafted onto the cotton fabric by P(=O)–O–C covalent bonds. The stability of P(=O)–N and P(=O)–O–C covalent bonds was greatly improved due to the p-π conjugation of phosphamide groups in APPEHA. The cotton fabric treated with 30 wt% APPEHA solution could be washed 50 laundry cycles according to AATCC 61-2013 3 A standard, and the limiting oxygen index only decreased from 48.9 to 42.7%. The results of the vertical combustion test, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, cone calorimetry and TG-FTIR tests showed that APPEHA promoted the dehydration and charring of cotton fabric and exhibited a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism. Analysis of surface morphology, element content, and crystal structure showed that APPEHA penetrated cotton fabric without greatly affecting the surface morphology or crystal structure of the cotton fiber. After flame retardant finishing, the softness and breaking strength of the cotton fabric were retained. The results showed that APPEHA could be used as a durable flame retardant for cotton fabrics.
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DD: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing—Original Draft. KL: Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing—Original Draft. YL: Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation. YL: Formal analysis, Investigation. YL: Formal analysis, Investigation. YC: Formal analysis, Investigation. JL: Formal analysis, Investigation. GZ: Resources, Writing—Review & Editing. FZ: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing—Review & Editing. DD and KL contributed equally to this work. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Ding, D., Liu, K., Liu, Y. et al. A durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing phosphamide and ammonium phosphate for cotton fabrics. Cellulose 30, 11195–11209 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05540-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05540-x