Abstract
In this study, the traditional Korean Hanji or Han-paper, comprising cellulose fibers obtained from mulberry bark, was coated with silver nanowires (AgNWs) via supersonic spraying; this was followed by electroplating with nickel to produce a silver–nickel (AgNW–Ni) core–shell nanostructure, thereby protecting the nanostructures of the AgNWs from thermal breakdown. The Hanji cellulose fibers coated with the core–shell AgNW–Ni were used as a paper heater. The nickel electroplating time was increased to thicken the nickel shell enwrapping the AgNWs. The electrical properties of the Hanji heater were investigated to identify the optimal AgNW–Ni core–shell nanostructure. The surface temperature of the AgNW–Ni Hanji heater reached 125 °C at 7 V without thermal breakup of the AgNWs with long-term stability. Under excessive electroplating, the entire Hanji substrate was covered with nickel. In this scenario, a nickel layer was formed over the Hanji, which substantially reduced the electrical resistivity of the layer. This metal–metal core–shell nanostructure can be attached to any type of substrate, including rigid alumina, polyethylene terephthalate, and bulk plastic; this makes the method versatile and widely applicable. Stringent bending radius and cyclic tests confirmed the mechanical durability and thermal stability of the silver–nickel core–shell Hanji heater.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data are available upon request.
References
An S, Joshi B, Yarin AL, Swihart MT, Yoon SS (2020) Supersonic cold spraying for energy and environmental applications: one-step scalable coating technology for advanced micro-and nanotextured materials. Adv Mater 32:1905028. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905028
Bariya M, Nyein HYY, Javey A (2018) Wearable Sweat Sensors. Nat Electron 1:160–171. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0043-y
Devine TM, Adar F (2012) Raman spectroscopy of solids. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471266965.com060.pub2
French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4
Garvey CJ, Parker IH, Simon GP (2005) On the interpretation of X-ray diffraction powder patterns in terms of the nanostructure of cellulose I fibres. Macromol Chem Phys 206:1568–1575. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200500008
Gordon RG (2000) Criteria for choosing transparent conductors. MRS Bull 25:52–57. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.151
Grau G, Frazier EJ, Subramanian V (2016) Printed unmanned aerial vehicles using paper-based electroactive polymer actuators and organic ion gel transistors. Microsyst Nanoeng 2:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/micronano.2016.32
Guo Y, Xu G, Yang X, Ruan K, Ma T, Zhang Q, Gu J, Wu Y, Liu H, Guo Z (2018) Significantly enhanced and precisely modeled thermal conductivity in polyimide nanocomposites with chemically modified graphene via in situ polymerization and electrospinning-hot press technology. J Mater Chem C 6:3004–3015. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC00452H
Gupta R, Rao KDM, Kiruthika S, Kulkarni GU (2016) Visibly transparent heaters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:12559–12575. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11026
Jiang L, Nelson GW, Kim H, Sim IN, Han SO, Foord JS (2015) Cellulose-derived supercapacitors from the carbonisation of filter paper. ChemistryOpen 4:586–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201500150
Jo HS, An S, Lee J-G, Park HG, Al-Deyab SS, Yarin AL, Yoon SS (2017) Highly flexible, stretchable, patternable, transparent copper fiber heater on a complex 3D surface. NPG Asia Mater 9:e347–e347. https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2016.206
Ju X, Bowden M, Brown EE, Zhang X (2015) An improved X-ray diffraction method for cellulose crystallinity measurement. Carbohydr Polym 123:476–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.071
Khaligh HH, Xu L, Khosropour A, Madeira A, Romano M, Pradére C, Tréguer-Delapierre M, Servant L, Pope MA, Goldthorpe IA (2017) The Joule heating problem in silver nanowire transparent electrodes. Nanotechnology 28:425703. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa7f34
Khan SM, Nassar JM, Hussain MM (2020) Paper as a substrate and an active material in paper electronics. ACS Appl Electron Mater 3:30–52. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.0c00484
Kim TY, Kim YW, Lee HS, Kim H, Yang WS, Suh KS (2013) Uniformly interconnected silver-nanowire networks for transparent film heaters. Adv Funct Mater 23:1250–1255. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202013
Kim HJ, Kim Y, Jeong JH, Choi JH, Lee J, Choi DG (2015) A cupronickel-based micromesh film for use as a high-performance and low-voltage transparent heater. J Mater Chem A 3:16621–16626. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA03348A
Kim J, Campbell AS, De Ávila BEF, Wang J (2019) Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat Biotechnol 37:389–406. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y
Ko Y, Kwon M, Bae WK, Lee B, Lee SW, Cho J (2017) Flexible supercapacitor electrodes based on real metal-like cellulose papers. Nat Commun 8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00550-3
Kumar AA, Hennek JW, Smith BS, Kumar S, Beattie P, Jain S, Rolland JP, Stossel TP, Chunda-Liyoka C, Whitesides GM (2015) From the bench to the field in low-cost diagnostics: two case studies. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:5836–5853. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201411741
Kwan YCG, Le QL, Huan CHA (2016) Time to failure modeling of silver nanowire transparent conducting electrodes and effects of a reduced graphene oxide over layer. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 144:102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.08.005
Kwon N, Kim K, Heo J, Yi I, Chung I (2014) Study on Ag mesh/conductive oxide hybrid transparent electrode for film heaters. Nanotechnology 25:265702. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/26/265702
Lan W, Chen Y, Yang Z, Han W, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Tang G, Wei Y, Dou W (2017) Ultraflexible transparent film heater made of Ag nanowire/PVA composite for rapid-response thermotherapy pads. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:6644–6651. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b16853
Lee J-Y, Connor ST, Cui Y, Peumans P (2008) Solution-processed metal nanowire mesh transparent electrodes. Nano Lett 8:689–692. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl073296g
Lee JG, An S, Kim TG, Kim MW, Jo HS, Swihart MT, Yarin AL, Yoon SS (2017a) Self-cleaning anticondensing glass via supersonic spraying of silver nanowires, silica, and polystyrene nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:35325–35332. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b10013
Lee JG, Kim DY, Kim TG, Lee JH, Al-Deyab SS, Lee HW, Kim JS, Yang DH, Yarin AL, Yoon SS (2017b) Supersonically sprayed copper-nickel microparticles as flexible and printable thin-film high-temperature heaters. Adv Mater Interfaces 4:1700075. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201700075
Lee JG, Kim DY, Lee JH, Sinha-Ray S, Yarin AL, Swihart MT, Kim D, Yoon SS (2017c) Production of flexible transparent conducting films of self-fused nanowires via one-step supersonic spraying. Adv Funct Mater 27:1602548. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201602548
Liu QC, Li L, Xu JJ, Chang ZW, Xu D, Yin YB, Yang XY, Liu T, Jiang YS, Yan JM (2015) Flexible and foldable Li–O2 battery based on paper-ink cathode. Adv Mater 27:8095–8101. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503025
Lockwood D, Cottam M, Baskey J (1992) One-and two-magnon excitations in NiO. J Magn Magn Mater 104:1053–1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(92)90486-8
Lordan D, Burke M, Manning M, Martin A, Amann A, O’Connell D, Murphy R, Lyons C, Quinn AJ (2017) Asymmetric pentagonal metal meshes for flexible transparent electrodes and heaters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:4932–4940. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12995
Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Nie Z, Cheng CM, Carrilho E, Wiley BJ, Whitesides GM (2010) Programmable diagnostic devices made from paper and tape. Lab Chip 10:2499–2504. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0LC00021C
Nguyen TH, Fraiwan A, Choi S (2014) Paper-based batteries: a review. Biosens Bioelectron 54:640–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.007
Nyholm L, Nyström G, Mihranyan A, Strømme M (2011) Toward flexible polymer and paper-based energy storage devices. Adv Mater 23:3751–3769. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201004134
Papanastasiou DT, Schultheiss A, Muñoz-Rojas D, Celle C, Carella A, Simonato JP, Bellet D (2020) Transparent heaters: a review. Adv Funct Mater 30:1910225. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910225
Park C, Samuel E, Kim BY, An S, Lee HS, Yoon SS (2023) Supersonically sprayed self-aligned rGO nanosheets and ZnO/ZnMn2O4 nanowires for high-energy and high-power-density supercapacitors. J Mater Sci Technol 137:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.08.007
Pushparaj VL, Shaijumon MM, Kumar A, Murugesan S, Ci L, Vajtai R, Linhardt RJ, Nalamasu O, Ajayan PM (2007) Flexible energy storage devices based on nanocomposite paper. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13574–13577. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706508104
Ray TR, Choi J, Bandodkar AJ, Krishnan S, Gutruf P, Tian L, Ghaffari R, Rogers JA (2019) Bio-integrated wearable systems: a comprehensive review. Chem Rev 119:5461–5533. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00573
Russo A, Ahn BY, Adams JJ, Duoss EB, Bernhard JT, Lewis JA (2011) Pen-on-paper flexible electronics. Adv Mater 23:3426–3430. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201101328
Samuel E, Aldalbahi A, El-Newehy M, El-Hamshary H, Yoon SS (2021) Nickel ferrite beehive-like nanosheets for binder-free and high-energy-storage supercapacitor electrodes. J Alloys Compd 852:156929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156929
Siegel AC, Phillips ST, Dickey MD, Lu N, Suo Z, Whitesides GM (2010) Foldable printed circuit boards on paper substrates. Adv Funct Mater 20:28–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200901363
Tobjörk D, Österbacka R (2011) Paper electronics. Adv Mater 23:1935–1961. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201004692
Vertuccio L, De Santis F, Pantani R, Lafdi K, Guadagno L (2019) Effective de-icing skin using graphene-based flexible heater. Compos B 162:600–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.045
Wang ZL (2013) Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors. ACS Nano 7:9533–9557. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn404614z
Wang ZL (2017) On Maxwell’s displacement current for energy and sensors: the origin of nanogenerators. Mater Today 20:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2016.12.001
Wang DW, Li F, Zhao J, Ren W, Chen ZG, Tan J, Wu ZS, Gentle I, Lu GQ, Cheng HM (2009) Fabrication of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode. ACS Nano 3:1745–1752. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900297m
Wang M, Ji S (2022) Terahertz probe assisted failure mechanism analysis of silver nanowire film heaters under high working power. J Phys Conf Ser 2342:012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2342/1/012013
Zang X, Shen C, Chu Y, Li B, Wei M, Zhong J, Sanghadasa M, Lin L (2018) Laser-induced molybdenum carbide–graphene composites for 3D foldable paper electronics. Adv Mater 30:1800062. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800062
Zeng P, Tian B, Tian Q, Yao W, Li M, Wang H, Feng Y, Liu L, Wu W (2019) Screen-printed, low-cost, and patterned flexible heater based on Ag fractal dendrites for human wearable application. Adv Mater Technol 4:1800453. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800453
Zhan Y, Hao X, Wang L, Jiang X, Cheng Y, Wang C, Meng Y, Xia H, Chen Z (2021) Superhydrophobic and flexible silver nanowire-coated cellulose filter papers with sputter-deposited nickel nanoparticles for ultrahigh electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:14623–14633. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c03692
Zhang L, Chen Y, Xu C, Liu Z, Qiu Y (2018) Nickel-enhanced silver nanowire-based transparent heater with large size. RSC Adv 8:14532–14538. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA01677A
Zhao J, Sun H, Dai S, Wang Y, Zhu J (2011) Electrical breakdown of nanowires. Nano Lett 11:4647–4651. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202160c
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government NRF-2020R1A5A1018153, NRF-2021R1A2C2010530, and 2022M3J1A106422611. The authors acknowledge King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for funding this work through Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R30).
Funding
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government NRF-2020R1A5A1018153, NRF-2021R1A2C2010530, and 2022M3J1A106422611. The authors acknowledge King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for funding this work through Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R30).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AK: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing-original draft. BYK: methodology, investigation and writing-original draft. SP: experiments, investigation, formal analysis. CP: supervision, methodology, validation, WL: data curing, validation and formal analysis. AA: validation and funding acquisition. GP: validation and funding acquisition. BJ: formal analysis, data curation, writing-review and editing. SSY supervision, project administration, resources, writing-review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Khadka, A., Kim, BY., Pradhan, S. et al. Silver–nickel core–shell nanostructure on cellulose fibers as biodegradable wearable paper heater. Cellulose 30, 6559–6569 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05250-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05250-4