Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bio-waste derived, phosphorus decorated composite for highly efficient flame retardant for cotton fabric

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this, an efficient flame retardant composite has been prepared using biowaste derived phosphorous groups decorated graphene supported nanomaterial. The eggshell was utilized as a source of calcium carbonate, which was converted to monocalcium phosphate (CP) by phosphoric acid treatment. As-prepared monocalcium phosphate was functionalized with graphene to prepare graphene functionalized monocalcium phosphate (GCP). The GCP-coated fabric didn't ignite during the flame test and sustained more than 600 s on continuous exposure to flame without changing its initial length and shape. Whereas, graphene oxide (GO), and CP coated cotton fabric burnt out very easily within a short time. The efficient flame retardant property of as synthesized GCP coated cotton fabric was confirmed with a high limiting oxygen index (34.1) and char length of 2.5 cm was generated from the VFT test. The synthesized GCP coated cotton fabric also confirmed efficient flame retardant properties. This facile method enables an easy process for mass production of cost-effective, bio-waste derived nanomaterial for a significantly highly efficient candidate for different applications in sustainable chemistry, including flame-retardant applications.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexandratos SD, Zhu X (2015) The role of 852 polarizability in determining metal ion affinities in polymer-supported reagents: monoprotic phosphates and the effect of hydrogen bonding. New J Chem 39:5366–5373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi J, Carosio F, Malucelli G (2014) Current emerging techniques to impart flame retardancy to fabrics: an overview. Polym Degrad Stab 106:138–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blundell RK, Licence P (2014) Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium based ionic liquids: a comparison of common anionsm. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:15278–15288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen MJ, Shao ZB, Wang XL, Chen L, Wang YZ (2012) Halogen-free flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam with a novel nitrogen−phosphorus flame retardant. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:9769–9776

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Li X, Li Y, Sun J (2015) Intumescent flame-retardant and self-healing superhydrophobic coatings on cotton fabric. ACS Nano 9:4070–4076

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen P, Zhang F, Li S, Cheng Y (2016) Smoke suppression properties of epoxy crosslinked structure and intumescent fire retardant in epoxy-based intumescent fire-retardant coating. J Appl Polym Sci 133:8782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng XW, Guan JP, Yang XH, Tang RC, Yao F (2019) A bio-resourced phytic acid/chitosan polyelectrolyte complex for the flame retardant treatment of wool fabric. J Cleaner Prod 223:342–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devaux E, Rochery M, Bourbigot S (2008) Polyurethane/clay and polyurethane/POSS nanocomposites as flame retarded coating for polyester and cotton fabrics. Fire Mater 26:149–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhumal PS, Khose RV, Wadekar PH, Lokhande KD, Some S (2021) Graphene-bentonite supported free-standing, flexible membrane with switchable wettability for selective oil–water separation. Sep Purif Technol 266:118569

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhumal PS, Lokhande KD, Bondarde MP, Bhakare MA, Some S (2022) Heat resistive, binder-free 3D-dough composite as a highly potent flame-retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 139:52146. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.52146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duquesne S, Magnet S, Jama C, Delobel R (2004) Intumescent paints: fire protective coatings for metallic substrates. Surf Coat Technol 302:180–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang F, Huo S, Shen H, Ran S, Wang H, Song P, Fang Z (2020) A bio-based ionic complex with different oxidation states of phosphorus for reducing flammability and smoke release of epoxy resins. Compos Commun 17:104–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higginbotham AL, Lomeda JR, Morgan AB, Tour JM (2009) Graphite oxide flame retardant polymer nanocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1:2256–2261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horrocks AR, Kandola BK, Davies PJ, Zhang S, Padbury SA (2005) Developments in flame retardant textiles—a review. Polym Degrad Stab 88(1):3–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiue GH, Wang WJ, Chang FC (1999) Synthesis, characterization, thermal and flame-retardant properties of silicon-based epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 73:1231–1238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamalanathan P, Ramesh S, Bang LT, Niakan A, Tan CY, Purbolaksono J (2014) Synthesis and sintering of hydroxyapatite derived from eggshells as a calcium precursor. Ceram Int 40:16349–16359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khose RV, Pethsangave DA, Wadekar PH, Ray AK, Some S (2018) Novel approach towards the synthesis of carbon-based transparent highly effective flame retardant. Carbon 139:205–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MJ, Jean IY, Seo JM, Dai L, Baek JB (2014) Graphene phosphonic acid as an efficient flame retardant. ACS Nano 8:2820–2825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laachachi A, Ball AK, Toniazzo V, Ruch D (2011) Diffusion of polyphosphates into (poly(allylamine) montmorillonite) multilayer films: flame retardantintumescent films with improved oxygen barrier. Langmuir 27:13879–13887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer G, Kirkland C, Morgan AB, Grunlan JC (2012) Made with renewable polyelectrolytes, for flame-retardant cotton. Biomacromol 13:2843–2848

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li YC, Schulz J, Mannen S, Delhom C, Condon B, Chang S, Zammarano M, Grunlan JC (2010) Flame retardant behavior of polyelectrolyte-clay thin film assemblies on cotton fabric. ACS Nano 4:3325–3333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li YC, Mannen S, Morgan AB, Chang S, Yang YH, Condon B, Grunlan JC (2011) Intumescent all-polymer multilayer nanocoating capable of extinguishing flame on fabric. Adv Mater 23:3926–3931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Feng Y, Xu Z, Yan L, Xie X, Wang Z (2020) Synergistic effect of clam shell bio-filler on the fire-resistance and char formation of intumescent fire-retardant coatings. J Mater Res Technol 9(6):14718–14728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, Huang G, Song P, Yu Y, Fu S (2016) Converting industrial alkali lignin to biobased functional additives for improving fire behaviour and smoke suppression of polybutylene succinate. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:4732–4742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon RE, Takemori MT, Safronava N, Stoliarov SI, Walters RN (2009) A molecular basis for polymer flammability. Polymer 50:2608–2617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercado L, Galia M, Reina J (2006) Silicon-containing flame retardant epoxy resins: synthesis, characterization and properties. Polym Degrad Stab 91:2588–2594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minh DP, Lyczko N, Sebei H, Nzihoua A, Sharrock P (2012) Synthesis of calcium hydroxyapatite from calcium carbonate and different orthophosphate sources: a comparative study. Mater Sci Eng B 177:1080–1089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa H, Youssef AM, Duquesne S, Darwish NA (2017) Characterization of bio-filler derived from seashell wastes and its effect on the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of ABS composites. Polym Compos 38(12):2788–2797

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivares GS, Rabe S, Chavez RP, Calderas F, Schartel B (2019) Industrial-waste agave fibres in flame-retarded thermoplastic starch biocomposites. Compos Part B 177:107

    Google Scholar 

  • Passauer L (2019) Thermal characterization of ammonium starch phosphate carbamates for potential applications as bio-based flameretardants. Carbohydr Polym 211:69–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pethsangave DA, Khose RV, Wadekar PH, Some S (2017) Deep eutectic solvent functionalized graphene composite as an extremely high potency flame retardant. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:35319–35324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pethsangave DA, Khose RV, Wadekar PH, Some S (2019) Novel approach toward the synthesis of a phosphorusfunctionalized polymer-based graphene composite as an efficient flame retardant. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:11745–11753

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Some S, Ho SM, Dua P, Hwang E, Shin YH, Yoo H, Kang J, Lee DK, Lee H (2012) Dual functions of highly potent graphene derivative−poly-l-lysine composites to inhibit bacteria and support human cells. ACS Nano 6:7151–7161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song M, Huang G, Yu Y, Fu S (2016) Fabrication of green lignin-based flame retardants for enhancing the thermal and fire retardancy properties of polypropylene/wood composites. ACS Sustain Chem. Eng. 4:2422–2431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song K, Ganguly I, Eastin I, Dichiara AB (2017) Lignin-modified carbonnanotube/graphene hybrid coating as efficient flame retardant. Int J Mol Sci 18:2368

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Teli MD, Pintu P (2017) Development of thermally stable and hygienic colored cotton fabric made by treatment with natural coconut shell extract. J Ind Text 48:1–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Tseghai GB, Berhe BT, Wakjira YT (2019) Producing fire retardant cotton fabric using chicken eggshell. J Text Sci Eng 9(2):396

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakelyn PJ, Bertoniere NR, French AD, Thibodeaux D (2007) Cotton fiber chemistry and technology. CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group), Boca Raton, pp 77−80

  • Walters RN, Lyon RE (2002) Molar group contributions to polymer flammability. J Appl Polym Sci 87:548–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Xu YJ, Li P, Zhang FQ, Liu Y, Zhu P (2020) Flameretardant polyester/cotton blend with phosphorus/nitrogen/siliconcontaining nano-coating by layer-by-layer assembly. Appl Surf Sci 509:145323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Liu H, Yan L, Feng Y (2021) Comparative study of fire resistance and anti-ageing properties of intumescent fire-retardant coatings reinforced with conch shell bio-filler. Polymers 3(16):2620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weil ED, Levchik SV (2008) Flame retardants in commercial use or development for textiles. J Fire Sci 26:243–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welzel T, Zaika MW, Epple M (2004) Continuous preparation of functionalised calcium phosphate nanoparticles with adjustable crystallinity. Chem Commun 10:1204–1205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wicklein B, Kocjan A, Alvarez GS, Carosio F, Camino G, Antonietti M, Bergstrom L (2015) Thermally insulating and fire-retardant lightweight anisotropic foams based on nanocellulose and graphene oxide. Nat Nanotechnol 10:277–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Zhong L, Zhang C, Wang P, Zhang F, Zhang G (2019) Novel high-efficiency casein-based P−N-containing flame retardants with multiple reactive groups for cotton fabrics. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:13999–14008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xueying S, Yuan H, Haiqun C, Xiongjun Y (2015) Study on thermal property, flame retardancy and mechanism of poly(lactic acid)/intumescent flame retardant/NiAl layer double hydroxide nanocomposites. Sci Adv Mater 7:1848–1857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan L, Xu Z, Wang X (2018) Synergistic effects of organically modified montmorillonite on the flame-retardant and smoke suppression properties of transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings. Prog Org Coat 122:107–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh JT, Yang HM, Huang SS (1995) Combustion of polyethylene filled with metallic hydroxides and crosslinkable polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 50(2):229–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yelten A, Yilmaz S (2016) 2016, Various parameters affecting the synthesis of the hydroxyapatite powders by the wet chemical precipitation technique. Mater Today Proc 3:2869–2876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yew MC, Kun YM, Huat SL, Ng TC, Durairaj R, Beh JH (2018) Influences of nano bio-filler on the fire-resistive and mechanical properties of water-based intumescent coatings. J Prog Org Coat 124:33–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yılmaz P, öztürk Er E, Bakırdere S (2019) Application of supercritical gel drying method on fabrication of mechanically improved and biologically safe three-component scaffold composed of graphene oxide/chitosan/hydroxyapatite and characterization studies. J Mater Res Technol 8(6):5201–5216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yun L, Cheng LD, Jing Z, Jun SW, Li C, Yu ZW (2011) An efficiently halogen-free flame-retardant long-glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene system. Polym Degrad Stab 96:363–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang N, Lu X (2018) thermal and combustion properties of intumescent flame retardant biodegradable poly(lactic acid) composites. Plast Rubber Compos 47:458–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang AN, Zhao HB, Cheng JB, Li ME, Li SL, Cao M, Wang YZ (2021) Construction of durable eco-friendly biomass-based flame-retardant coating for cotton fabrics. Chem Eng J 410:128361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Research Training and Human Development Institute (SARTHI), and the CSIR fund (22/0748/17/EMR-II). Pratik Dhumal is thankful to SARTHI for his fellowship.

Funding

This work was supported by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) with grant number (22/0748/17/EMR-II).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Surajit Some

    Present address: Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019, India

    Pratik S. Dhumal, Madhuri A. Bhakare, Kshama D. Lokhande & Mahesh P. Bondarde

Authors
  1. Pratik S. Dhumal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Madhuri A. Bhakare
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kshama D. Lokhande
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mahesh P. Bondarde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Surajit Some
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

PSD and SS wrote the manuscript, PSD performed experiment, PSD, KDL, MAB, and MPB prepared graphene oxide and composite. PSD analyzed all data, SS supervised all work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Surajit Some.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The authors have no statement about ethical approval. Because, this research does not involve human and animal.

Informed consent

This research does not involve human participants that’s why author have no statement about informed consent.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

10570_2022_4783_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary file 1. EDX, EA, and XPS data of GCP; XRD pattern of GO; VFT test for GCP composite; DSC data, LOI data for GCP composite; Comparative table; Tensile strength of the GCP composite; Washing fastness properties calcium carbonate, CP, and GCP.

Supplementary file 2: Video S1. Flame test of control sample fabric Vs GO coated fabric sample.

Supplementary file 3: Video S2. Flame test of control sample fabric Vs CP coated fabric sample.

Supplementary file 4: Video S3. Flame test of control sample fabric Vs GCP coated fabric sample.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dhumal, P.S., Bhakare, M.A., Lokhande, K.D. et al. Bio-waste derived, phosphorus decorated composite for highly efficient flame retardant for cotton fabric. Cellulose 29, 8879–8888 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04783-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04783-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation