Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) co-doped with N, P and S derived from expired milk was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. By dipping pure cotton face towel (PCFT) into CQDs ink, a flexible all-biomass CQDs/PCFT sensor was prepared for the first time. Due to the heteroatom doping, extremely small particle size of CQDs and excellent permeability of CQDs/PCFT film, the flexible CQDs/PCFT sensor showed the high sensitivity and bending stability. In the range of 0–60° bending states, the responses of CQDs/PCFT sensor to four target analytes changed by less 5.0%. After 3000 bending of 60°, the maximum change of the response to the target analytes was only 6.4%. Interestingly, due to the abundant functional groups and defects of CQDs, the flexible CQDs/PCFT sensor displayed sensing curves of different shapes for different target analytes. In this way, by establishing a database of sensing curves of target analytes, multiple analytes can be detected discriminatively by relying only on single sensor with the help of image recognition. This work provided a reference for the development of cotton fiber based all biomass flexible gas sensor.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
None.
References.
Abbas A, Mariana LT, Phan AN (2018) Biomass-waste derived graphene quantum dots and their applications. Carbon 140:77–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.016
Alivisatos AP (1996) Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science 271:933–937. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5251.933
Bai S, Sun C, Wan P, Wang C, Luo R, Li Y, Liu J, Sun X (2015) Transparent conducting films of hierarchically nanostructured polyaniline networks on flexible substrates for high-performance gas sensors. Small 11:306–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201401865
Baines T, Zoppi G, Bowen L, Shalvey TP, Mariotti S, Durose K, Major JD (2018) Incorporation of CdSe layers into CdTe thin film solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 180:196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.03.010
Briscoe J, Marinovic A, Sevilla M, Dunn S, Titirici M (2015) Biomass-derived carbon quantum dot sensitizers for solid-state nanostructured solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:4463–4468. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201409290
Cao S, Wu Z, Sun Q, Zhang W, Beysen S, Wang S, Shaymurat T, Zhang M, Duan H (2021) Gas sensing properties of cotton-based carbon fibers and ZnO/carbon fibers regulated by changing carbonization temperatures. Sens Actuators, B 337:129818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129818
Das GS, Shim JP, Bhatnagar A, Tripathi KM, Kim T (2019) Biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for visible-light-induced photocatalysis and label-free detection of Fe(III) and ascorbic acid. Sci Rep 9:15084. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49266-y
Deng XL, Davé RN (2013) Dynamic simulation of particle packing influenced by size, aspect ratio and surface energy. Granular Matter 15:401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-013-0413-0
Ding Z, Li F, Wen J, Wang X, Sun R (2018) Gram-scale synthesis of single-crystalline graphene quantum dots derived from lignin biomass. Green Chem 20:1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC03218H
Dong Y, Pang H, Yang HB, Guo C, Shao J, Chi Y, Li CM, Yu T (2013) Carbon-based dots co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur for high quantum yield and excitation-independent emission. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:7800–7804. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301114
Falco A, Rivadeneyra A, Loghin FC, Salmeron JF, Lugli P, Abdelhalim A (2018) Towards low-power electronics: self-recovering and flexible gas sensors. J Mater Chem A 6:7107–7113. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA11311K
Fernando KAS, Sahu S, Liu Y, Lewis WK, Guliants EA, Jafariyan A, Wang P, Bunker CE, Sun YP (2015) Carbon quantum dots and applications in photocatalytic energy conversion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:8363–8376. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00448
Franke ME, Koplin TJ, Simon U (2006) Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in chemiresistors: Does the nanoscale matter? Small 2:36–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200500261
Fuke N, Hoch LB, Koposov AY, Manner VW, Werder DJ, Fukui A, Koide N, Katayama H, Sykora M (2010) CdSe quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell with∼100% internal quantum efficiency. ACS Nano 4:6377–6386. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101319x
Gao W, Emaminejad S, Nyein HYY, Challa S, Chen K, Peck A, Fahad HM, Ota H, Shiraki H, Kiriya D et al (2016) Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature 529:509–514. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16521
Göpel W, Schierbaum KD (1995) SnO2 sensors: current status and future prospects. Sens Actuators, B 26:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)01546-T
Hao E, Sun H, Zhou Z, Liu J, Yang B, Shen J (1999) Synthesis and optical properties of CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanoparticles. Chem Mater 11:3096–3102. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm990153p
Hu Y, Zhang L, Li X, Liu R, Lin L, Zhao S (2017) Green preparation of S and N Co-doped carbon dots from water chestnut and onion as well as their use as an off–on fluorescent probe for the quantification and imaging of coenzyme A. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:4992–5000. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00393
Jonoobi M, Oladi R, Davoudpour Y, Oksman K, Dufresne A, Hamzeh Y, Davoodi R (2015) Different preparation methods and properties of nanostructured cellulose from various natural resources and residues: a review. Cellulose 22:935–969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0551-0
Kini S, Ganiga V, Kulkarni SD, Chidangil S, George SD (2018) Sensitive detection of mercury using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer between CdTe/CdS quantum dots and rhodamine 6G. J Nanopart Res 20:232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-018-4320-5
Klimov VI, Mikhailovsky AA, Xu S, Malko A, Hollingsworth JA, Leatherdale CA, Eisler H, Bawendi MG (2000) Optical gain and stimulated emission in nanocrystal quantum dots. Science 290:314–317. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5490.314
Li W, Ma S, Li Y, Yang G, Mao Y, Luo J, Gengzang D, Xu X, Yan S (2015) Enhanced ethanol sensing performance of hollow ZnO–SnO2 core–shell nanofibers. Sens Actuators, B 211:392–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.01.090
Liang Z, Kang M, Payne GF, Wang X, Sun R (2016) Probing energy and electron transfer mechanisms in fluorescence quenching of biomass carbon quantum dots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:17478–17488. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b04826
Liu H, Li M, Voznyy O, Hu L, Fu Q, Zhou D, Xia Z, Sargent EH, Tang J (2014) Physically flexible, rapid-response gas sensor based on colloidal quantum dot solids. Adv Mater 26:2718–2724. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304366
Liu L, Yu X, Yi Z, Chi F, Wang H, Yuan Y, Li D, Xu K, Zhang X (2019) High efficiency solar cells tailored using biomass-converted graded carbon quantum dots. Nanoscale 11:15083–15090. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr05957a
Meena R, Singh R, Marappan G, Kushwaha G, Gupta N, Meena R, Gupta JP, Agarwal RR, Fahmi N, Kushwaha OS (2019) Fluorescent carbon dots driven from ayurvedic medicinal plants for cancer cell imaging and phototherapy. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02483
Pan D, Zhang J, Li Z, Wu M (2010) Hydrothermal route for cutting graphene sheets into blue-luminescent graphene quantum dots. Adv Mater 22:734–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200902825
Qi H, Teng M, Liu M, Liu S, Li J, Yu H, Teng C, Huang Z, Liu H, Shao Q (2019) Biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots: highly selective fluorescent probe for detecting Fe3+ ions and tetracyclines. J Colloid Interface Sci 539:332–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.047
Ren HH, Fan Y, Wang B, Yu LP (2018) Polyethylenimine-capped CdS quantum dots for sensitive and selective detection of nitrite in vegetables and water. J Agric Food Chem 66:8851–8858. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01951
Robinson BH (2009) E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 408:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.044
Schierbaum KD, Weimar U, Göpel W, Kowalkowski R (1991) Conductance, work function and catalytic activity of SnO2-based gas sensors. Sens Actuators, B 3:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(91)80007-7
Silva AC, Freschi AP, Rodrigues CM, Matias BF, Maia LP, Goulart LR, Dantas NO (2016) Biological analysis and imaging applications of CdSe/CdSxSe1-x/CdS core-shell magic-sized quantum dot. Nanomed-Nanotechnol 12:1421–1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.01.001
Sun Q, Wu Z, Cao Y, Guo J, Long M, Duan H, Jia D (2019) Chemiresistive sensor arrays based on noncovalently functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for ozone detection. Sens Actuators, B 297:126689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.126689
Wang GL, Jiao HJ, Zhu XY, Dong YM, Li ZJ (2012) Enhanced fluorescence sensing of melamine based on thioglycolic acid-capped CdS quantum dots. Talanta 93:398–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.062
Wang L, Chen D, Jiang K, Shen G (2017) New insights and perspectives into biological materials for flexible electronics. Chem Soc Rev 46:6764–6815. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00278E
Wang L, Li B, Xu F, Shi X, Feng D, Wei D, Li Y, Feng Y, Wang Y, Jia D, Sun W (2016a) High-yield synthesis of strong photoluminescent N-doped carbon nanodots derived from hydrosoluble chitosan for mercury ion sensing via smartphone APP. Biosens Bioelectron 79:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.085
Wang L, Li W, Wu B, Li Z, Wang S, Liu Y, Pan D, Wu M (2016b) Facile synthesis of fluorescent graphene quantum dots from coffee grounds for bioimaging and sensing. Chem Eng J 300:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.123
Wu Z, Zhou C, Zu B, Li Y, Dou X (2016) Contactless and rapid discrimination of improvised explosives realized by Mn2+ doping tailored ZnS nanocrystals. Adv Funct Mater 26:4578–4586. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201600592
Zhang W, Wu Z, Hu J, Cao Y, Guo J, Long M, Duan H, Jia D (2020a) Flexible chemiresistive sensor of polyaniline coated filter paper prepared by spraying for fast and non-contact detection of nitroaromatic explosives. Sens Actuators, B 304:127233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127233
Zhang W, Zhang X, Wu Z, Abdurahman K, Cao Y, Duan H, Jia D (2020b) Mechanical, electromagnetic shielding and gas sensing properties of flexible cotton fiber/polyaniline composites. Compos Sci Technol 188:107966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107966
Zhang Z, Xu M, Liu L, Ruan X, Yan J, Zhao W, Yun J, Wang Y, Qin S, Zhang T (2018) Novel SnO2@ZnO hierarchical nanostructures for highly sensitive and selective NO2 gas sensing. Sens Actuators, B l 257:714–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.190
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (21964016, 11664038, 61864011), Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2019D01C019, XJEDU2020Y004) and Tianshan Innovation Team Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2020D14038).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ZW and MZ conceived and designed the experiment; SC, LW and ZQ carried out the experiment, processed the data and wrote the first draft; ZW, MZ, FZ and HD contributed to scientific discussion and modification of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical standards
This study following Compliance with Ethical Standards; this study does not involve human participants, animals, and potential conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, Z., Zhang, M., Cao, S. et al. Flexible all-biomass gas sensor based on doped carbon quantum dots/nonwoven cotton with discriminative function. Cellulose 29, 5817–5832 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04633-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04633-3