Abstract
Graphene electronic textiles (e-textiles) have attracted significant attention in various sensing applications owing to their strong advantages. During the fabrication of these textiles, there are factors to consider, such as electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, weight, and applicability in other practical applications. Bioinspired lotus fiber has appropriate advantages to be used as graphene e-textiles, including lightweight (< 1 mg), eco-friendliness, crease-resistant, pilling resistance, and flexibility. However, lotus fiber-based graphene e-textiles have not yet been reported. In this study, we developed a reduced graphene oxide‒coated lotus fiber (RGOLF) which was successfully fabricated by the hydrogen interaction between graphene flakes and cellulose fiber. The higher the GO concentration (~ 3 g/L) and fiber diameter (~ 300 μm), the higher the electrical conductivity of the RGOLF was measured. The RGOLF exhibited a higher electrical conductivity (4.63 ± 0.22 μS) and a remarkable sensing performance for hazardous NO2 gas molecules within a short exposure time (~ 3 min), including a low detection limit (~ 1 ppm), selectivity, and resistance to relative humidity. Moreover, we verified the mechanical flexibility and elasticity of RGOLF through a 1,000-cycle bending test, and tensile test, respectively. These results suggest that the bioinspired RGOLF could be used as a gas sensor in environmental air with a strong potential for use in various wearable applications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelkader AM, Karim N, Vallés C, Afroj S, Novoselov KS, Yeates SG (2017) Ultraflexible and robust graphene supercapacitors printed on textiles for wearable electronics applications. 2D Mater 4 (3):035016. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa7d71
Afroj S, Karim N, Wang Z, Tan S, He P, Holwill M, Ghazaryan D, Fernando A, Novoselov KS (2019) Engineering Graphene Flakes for Wearable Textile Sensors via Highly Scalable and Ultrafast Yarn Dyeing Technique. ACS Nano 13(4):3847–3857. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00319
Allen MJ, Tung VC, Kaner RB (2010) Honeycomb Carbon: A Review of Graphene. Chem Rev 110(1):132–145. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900070d
Cha J-H, Kim D-H, Choi S-J, Koo W-T, Kim I-D (2018) Sub-Parts-per-Million Hydrogen Sulfide Colorimetric Sensor: Lead Acetate Anchored Nanofibers toward Halitosis Diagnosis. Anal Chem 90(15):8769–8775. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01273
Chan M-J, Li Y-J, Wu C-C, Lee Y-C, Zan H-W, Meng H-F, Hsieh M-H, Lai C-S, Tian Y-C (2020) Breath Ammonia Is a Useful Biomarker Predicting Kidney Function in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Biomedicines 8(11):468
Chen Y, Pötschke P, Pionteck J, Voit B, Qi H (2018) Smart cellulose/graphene composites fabricated by in situ chemical reduction of graphene oxide for multiple sensing applications. J Mater Chem A 6(17):7777–7785. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA00618K
Chun S, Son W, Kim DW, Lee J, Min H, Jung H, Kwon D, Kim AH, Kim Y-J, Lim SK, Pang C, Choi C (2019) Water-Resistant and Skin-Adhesive Wearable Electronics Using Graphene Fabric Sensor with Octopus-Inspired Microsuckers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(18):16951–16957. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b04206
Coyle S, Wu Y, Lau K-T, Brady S, Wallace G, Diamond D, Bio-sensing textiles - Wearable Chemical Biosensors for Health Monitoring. In, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2007) 4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2007). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 35–39
Di Natale C, Paolesse R, Martinelli E, Capuano R (2014) Solid-state gas sensors for breath analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 824:1–17
El Nahrawy AM, Montaser AS, Bakr AM, Abou Hammad AB, Mansour AM (2021) Impact of ZnO on the spectroscopic, mechanical, and UPF properties of Fe2O3-tough polystyrene-based nanocomposites. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 32(23):28019–28031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07182-w
Elsayed NM (1994) Toxicity of nitrogen dioxide: an introduction. Toxicology 89:161–174
Ferrari AC, Basko DM (2013) Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 8:235. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.46
Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6:183. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
Hu X, Huang T, Liu Z, Wang G, Chen D, Guo Q, Yang S, Jin Z, Lee J-M, Ding G (2020) Conductive graphene-based E-textile for highly sensitive, breathable, and water-resistant multimodal gesture-distinguishable sensors. J Mater Chem A 8(29):14778–14787. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA04915H
Johansson L-S, Campbell JM, Rojas OJ (2020) Cellulose as the in situ reference for organic XPS. Why? Because it works. Surf Interface Anal 52 (12):1134–1138. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6759
Ju Yun Y, Hong WG, Choi N-J, Hoon Kim B, Jun Y, Lee H-K (2015) Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Graphene-Based Single Yarn for Use in Wearable Gas Sensor. Sci Rep 5:10904. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10904
Kahn N, Lavie O, Paz M, Segev Y, Haick H (2015) Dynamic Nanoparticle-Based Flexible Sensors: Diagnosis of Ovarian Carcinoma from Exhaled Breath. Nano Lett 15(10):7023–7028. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03052
Kan C-W, Lam Y-L (2021) Future Trend in Wearable Electronics in the Textile Industry. Appl Sci 11(9):3914
Kang M-A, Ji S, Kim S, Park C-Y, Myung S, Song W, Lee SS, Lim J, An K-S (2018) Highly sensitive and wearable gas sensors consisting of chemically functionalized graphene oxide assembled on cotton yarn. RSC Adv 8(22):11991–11996. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA01184B
Karim N, Afroj S, Tan S, He P, Fernando A, Carr C, Novoselov KS (2017) Scalable Production of Graphene-Based Wearable E-Textiles. ACS Nano 11(12):12266–12275. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05921
Kinnamon DS, Krishnan S, Brosler S, Sun E, Prasad S (2018) Screen Printed Graphene Oxide Textile Biosensor for Applications in Inexpensive and Wearable Point-of-Exposure Detection of Influenza for At-Risk Populations. J Electrochem Soc 165(8):B3084–B3090. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0131808jes
Lee SW, Jung HG, Jang JW, Park D, Lee D, Kim I, Kim Y, Cheong DY, Hwang KS, Lee G, Yoon DS (2021a) Graphene-based electronic textile sheet for highly sensitive detection of NO2 and NH3. Sens Actuators B Chem 345:130361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130361
Lee SW, Jung HG, Kim I, Lee D, Kim W, Kim SH, Lee J-H, Park J, Lee JH, Lee G, Yoon DS (2020) Highly Conductive and Flexible Dopamine-Graphene Hybrid Electronic Textile Yarn for Sensitive and Selective NO2 Detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(41):46629–46638. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11435
Lee SW, Lee W, Hong Y, Lee G, Yoon DS (2018a) Recent advances in carbon material-based NO2 gas sensors. Sens Actuators B Chem 255:1788–1804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.203
Lee SW, Lee W, Kim I, Lee D, Park D, Kim W, Park J, Lee JH, Lee G, Yoon DS (2021b) Bio-Inspired Electronic Textile Yarn-Based NO2 Sensor Using Amyloid-Graphene Composite. ACS Sens 6(3):777–785. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.0c01582
Lee SW, Lee W, Lee D, Choi Y, Kim W, Park J, Lee JH, Lee G, Yoon DS (2018b) A simple and disposable carbon adhesive tape-based NO2 gas sensor. Sens Actuators B Chem 266:485–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.03.161
Leenaerts O, Partoens B, Peeters FM (2008) Adsorption of H2O, NH3, CO, NO2 and NO on graphene: A first-principles study. Phys Rev B 77 (12):125416
Li H-Y, Lee C-S, Kim DH, Lee J-H (2018) Flexible Room-Temperature NH3 Sensor for Ultrasensitive, Selective, and Humidity-Independent Gas Detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(33):27858–27867
Li P, Zhao L, Jiang Z, Yu M, Li Z, Zhou X, Zhao Y (2019) A wearable and sensitive graphene-cotton based pressure sensor for human physiological signals monitoring. Sci Rep 9(1):14457. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50997-1
Liu L, Yu Y, Yan C, Li K, Zheng Z (2015a) Wearable energy-dense and power-dense supercapacitor yarns enabled by scalable graphene–metallic textile composite electrodes. Nat Commun 6(1):7260. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8260
Liu L, Yu Y, Yan C, Li K, Zheng Z (2015b) Wearable energy-dense and power-dense supercapacitor yarns enabled by scalable graphene–metallic textile composite electrodes. Nat Commun 6:7260. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8260
Moon G, Lee JH (2021) Environmentally sustainable color-switchable alignment layer formed by nanoscale interfacial self-assembly of chlorophyll biomolecules. Soft Matter 17(7):1834–1841. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SM01900C
Moon IK, Lee J, Ruoff RS, Lee H (2010) Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitization. Nat Commun 1:73. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1067
Mousavi SM, Low FW, Hashemi SA, Samsudin NA, Shakeri M, Yusoff Y, Rahsepar M, Lai CW, Babapoor A, Soroshnia S, Goh SM, Tiong SK, Amin N (2020) Development of hydrophobic reduced graphene oxide as a new efficient approach for photochemotherapy. RSC Adv 10(22):12851–12863. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA00186D
Novoselov KS, Falko VI, Colombo L, Gellert PR, Schwab MG, Kim K (2012) A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490(7419):192–200
Ou JZ, Ge W, Carey B, Daeneke T, Rotbart A, Shan W, Wang Y, Fu Z, Chrimes AF, Wlodarski W, Russo SP, Li YX, Kalantar-zadeh K (2015) Physisorption-Based Charge Transfer in Two-Dimensional SnS2 for Selective and Reversible NO2 Gas Sensing. ACS Nano 9(10):10313–10323. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b04343
Pandey R, Sinha MK, Dubey A (2020) Cellulosic fibers from Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) peduncle. J Nat Fibers 17(2):298–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2018.1492486
Park HJ, Kim W-J, Lee H-K, Lee D-S, Shin J-H, Jun Y, Yun YJ (2018) Highly flexible, mechanically stable, and sensitive NO2 gas sensors based on reduced graphene oxide nanofibrous mesh fabric for flexible electronics. Sens Actuators B Chem 257:846–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.032
Sangita Tomar NY (2019) Lotus Fiber: A Eco Friendly Textile Fiber. IAAST 10(2):209–2015
Stoppa M, Chiolerio A (2014) Wearable electronics and smart textiles: a critical review. Sensors (basel, Switzerland) 14(7):11957–11992. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140711957
Utari L, Septiani NLW, Suyatman N, Nur LO, Wasisto HS, Yuliarto B (2020) Wearable Carbon Monoxide Sensors Based on Hybrid Graphene/ZnO Nanocomposites. IEEE Access 8:49169–49179. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2976841
Wang B, Facchetti A (2019) Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E-Skin and E-Textile Devices. Adv Mater 31(28):1901408. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901408
Wang J, Lu C, Zhang K (2020) Textile-Based Strain Sensor for Human Motion Detection. EEM 3(1):80–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12041
Wu M, Shuai H, Cheng Q, Jiang L (2014) Bioinspired Green Composite Lotus Fibers. Angew Chem Int Ed 53(13):3358–3361. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201310656
Xu M, Huang Q, Wang X, Sun R (2015) Highly tough cellulose/graphene composite hydrogels prepared from ionic liquids. Ind Crops Prod 70:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.004
Yun YJ, Ah CS, Hong WG, Kim HJ, Shin J-H, Jun Y (2017) Highly conductive and environmentally stable gold/graphene yarns for flexible and wearable electronics. Nanoscale 9(32):11439–11445. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR04384H
Yun YJ, Hong WG, Kim W-J, Jun Y, Kim BH (2013) A Novel Method for Applying Reduced Graphene Oxide Directly to Electronic Textiles from Yarns to Fabrics. Adv Mater 25(40):5701–5705
Zhang Y, Guo Z (2014) Micromechanics of Lotus Fibers Chem Lett 43(7):1137–1139. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.140345
Zhu J, Cho M, Li Y, He T, Ahn J, Park J, Ren T-L, Lee C, Park I (2021) Machine learning-enabled textile-based graphene gas sensing with energy harvesting-assisted IoT application. Nano Energy 86:106035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106035
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korean Government (MSIP) (No. NRF-2022R1A2C4001990, NRF-2021R1A4A1028969, NRF-2020R1A2C2102262, NRF-2019R1A2B5B01070617, and NRF-2020R1A6A3A01096477). This study was also supported by a Korea University Grant and the BK21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research). This result was supported by "Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS)" through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) (2021RIS-001(1345341783)). This work was supported by a Korea Medical Device Development Fund (KMDF) grant received from the Korean government (MSIP) (No. KMDF_PR_20200901_0127-01).
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary file2 (MP4 2775 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cheong, D.Y., Lee, S.W., Park, I. et al. Bioinspired lotus fiber-based graphene electronic textile for gas sensing. Cellulose 29, 4071–4082 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04541-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04541-6