Abstract
This study introduces an effective route to fabricate chitosan (CS)-based film. The films were prepared through cross-linking reaction between CS and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as the cross-linker and simultaneously in-situ loading with CuO nanoparticles. FT-IR and loading efficiency results indicated the occurrence of inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking reaction between CS and HEC. XRD and EDS analyses showed that the CuO nanoparticles were evenly deposited onto CS film matrixes. SEM characterization showed that the films were of compact, dense and uniform cross morphologies, as well as obvious voids. The films also exhibited desired swelling ratio and water vapor permeability. The enhanced tensile strength was obtained with a maximum value of 77.02 ± 3.26 MPa, while the stretch-ability slightly decreased. The thermal stability of the films decreased after cross-linking with HEC. The antibacterial ability of the films was generally improved with the increase of HEC and ECH contents.
Graphical abstract
Preparation and properties of epichlorohydrin-cross-linked chitosan/hydroxyethyl cellulose based CuO nanocomposite films
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almasi H, Mehryar L, Ghadertaj A (2019) Characterization of CuO-bacterial cellulose nanohybrids fabricated by in-situ and ex-situ impregnation methods. Carbohydr Polym 222:114995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.114995
Arellano-Sandoval L, Delgado E, Camacho-Villegas TA, Bravo-Madrigal J, Manriquez-Gonzalez R, Lugo-Fabres PH, Toriz G, Garcia-Uriostegui L (2020) Development of thermosensitive hybrid hydrogels based on xylan-type hemicellulose from agave bagasse: characterization and antibacterial activity. MRS Commun 10:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.165
Booshehri YA, Wang R, Xu R (2015) Simple method of deposition of CuO nanoparticles on a cellulose paper and its antibacterial activity. Chem Eng J 262:999–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.096
Bourbon AI, Pinheiro AC, Cerqueire MA, Rocha CMR, Avides MC, Quintas MAC, Vicente AA (2011) Physico-chemical characterization of chitosan-based edible films incorporating bioactive compounds of different molecular weight. J Food Eng 106:111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.03.024
Cao QQ, Zhang Y, Chen W, Meng XH, Liu BJ (2018) Hydrophobicity and physicochemical properties of agarose film as affected by chitosan addition. Int J Biol Macromol 106:1307–1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.134
Cao WL, Cheng MY, Ao Q, Gong YD, Zhao NM, Zhang XF (2012) Physical, mechanical and degradation properties, and Schwann cell affinity of cross-linked chitosan films. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 16:791–807. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568562053992496
Cazón P, Vázquez M (2019) Mechanical and barrier properties of chitosan combined with other components as food packaging film. Environ Chem Lett 18:257–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00936-3
Cazón P, Velazquez G, Ramirez JA, Vazquez M (2017) Polysaccharide-based films and coatings for food packaging: a review. Food Hydrocoll 68:136–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.009
Čech Barabaszová K, Holešová S, Bílý M, Hundáková M (2020) CuO and CuO/vermiculite based nanoparticles in antibacterial PVAc nanocomposites. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 30:4218–4227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01573-y
Costa MJ, Cerqueira MA, Ruiz HA, Fougnies C, Richel A, Vicente AA, Teixeira JA, Aguedo M (2015) Use of wheat bran arabinoxylans in chitosan-based films: Effect on physicochemical properties. Ind Crop Prod 66:305–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.003
Cudennec Y, Lecerf A (2003) The transformation of Cu(OH)2 into CuO, revisited. Solid State Sci 5:1471–1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2003.09.009
Ebrahimi Y, Peighambardoust SJ, Peighambardoust SH, Karkaj SZ (2019) Development of antibacterial carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanobiocomposite films containing various metallic nanoparticles for food packaging applications. J Food Sci 84:2537–2548. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14744
Fu FY, Li LY, Liu LJ, Cai J, Zhang YP, Zhou JP, Zhang LN (2015) Construction of cellulose based ZnO nanocomposite films with antibacterial properties through one-step coagulation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:2597–2606. https://doi.org/10.1021/am507639b
Guan Y, Qi XM, Chen GG, Peng F, Sun RC (2016) Facile approach to prepare drug-loading film from hemicelluloses and chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 153:542–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.008
Guo JN, Xu QM, Zheng ZQ, Zhou SB, Mao HL, Wang B, Yan F (2015) Intrinsically antibacterial poly(ionic liquid) membranes: the synergistic effect of anions. ACS Macro Lett 4:1094–1098. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00609
Hafsa J, Smach MA, Ben Khedher MR, Charfeddine B, Limem K, Majdoub H, Rouatbi S (2016) Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan films containing Eucalyptus globulus essential oil. LWT-Food Sci Technol 68:356–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.12.050
Joubert F, Yeo RP, Sharples GJ, Musa OM, Hodgson DRW, Cameron NR (2015) Preparation of an antibacterial poly(ionic liquid) graft copolymer of hydroxyethyl cellulose. Biomacromolecules 16:3970–3979. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01300
Kumar S, Krishnakumar B, Sobral AJFN, Koh J (2019) Bio-based (chitosan/PVA/ZnO) nanocomposites film: thermally stable and photoluminescence material for removal of organic dye. Carbohydr Polym 205:559–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.108
Kurek M, Garofulić IE, Bakić MT, Ščetar M, Uzelac VD, Galić K (2018) Development and evaluation of a novel antioxidant and pH indicator film based on chitosan and food waste sources of antioxidants. Food Hydrocoll 84:238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.05.050
Li LH, Deng JC, Deng HR, Liu ZL, Li XL (2010) Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activities of chitosan/Ag/ZnO blend films. Chem Eng J 160:378–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.03.051
Lozano-Navarro JI, Diaz-Zavala NP, Velasco-Santos C, Melo-Banda JA, Paramo-Garcia U, Paraguay-Delgado F, Garcia-Alamilla R, Martinez-Hernandez AL, Zapien-Castillo S (2018) Chitosan-starch films with natural extracts: physical chemical, morphological and thermal properties. Materials 11:120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11010120
Min TT, Zhu Z, Sun XL, Yuan ZP, Zha JW, Wen YQ (2020) Highly efficient antifogging and antibacterial food packaging film fabricated by novel quaternary ammonium chitosan composite. Food Chem 308:125682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125682
Peighambardoust SH, Beigmohammadi F, Peighambardoust SJ (2016) Application of organoclay nanoparticle in low-density polyethylene films for packaging of UF cheese. Packag Technol Sci 29:355–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2212
Pereira LA, Reis LDS, Batista FA, Mendes AN, Osajima JA, Silva EC (2019) Biological properties of chitosan derivatives associated with the ceftazidime drug. Carbohydr Polym 222:115002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115002
Priyadarshi R, Sauraj KBSH, Negi YS (2018) Chitosan film incorporated with citric acid and glycerol as an active packaging material for extension of green chilli shelf life. Carbohydr Polym 195:329–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.089
Raghavendra GM, Jung J, Kim D, Seo J (2017) Chitosan-mediated synthesis of flowery-CuO, and its antibacterial and catalytic properties. Carbohydr Polym 172:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.070
Santana ACSGV, Sobrinho JS, da Silva EC, Nunes LCC (2017) Preparation and physicochemical characterization of binary composites palygorskite–chitosan for drug delivery. J Therm Anal Calorim 128:1327–1334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-6075-5
Sen F, Kahraman MV (2018) Preparation and characterization of hybrid cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose/sodium alginate polyelectrolyte antimicrobial films. Polym Advan Technol 29:1895–1901. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4298
Siripatrawan U, Kaewklin P (2018) Fabrication and characterization of chitosan-titanium dioxide nanocomposite film as ethylene scavenging and antimicrobial active food packaging. Food Hydrocoll 84:125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.04.049
Vaezi K, Asadpour G, Sharifi H (2019) Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the mechanical, barrier and optical properties of thermoplastic cationic starch/montmorillonite biodegradable films. Int J Biol Macromol 124:519–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.142
Verlee A, Mincke S, Stevens CV (2017) Recent developments in antibacterial and antifungal chitosan and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 164:268–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.001
Wang B, Sui J, Yu B, Yuan C, Guo L, Abd El-Aty AM, Cui B (2021) Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of corn starch-based films incorporated with Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil. Carbohydr Polym 254:117314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117314
Wang XH, Wang SY, Liu W, Wang S, Zhang LG, Shang RR, Hou QX, Li JS (2019) Facile fabrication of cellulose composite films with excellent UV resistance and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 225:115213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115213
Xie YY, Hu XH, Zhang YW, Wahid F, Chu LQ, Jia SR, Zhong C (2020) Development and antibacterial activities of bacterial cellulose/graphene oxide-CuO nanocomposite films. Carbohydr Polym 229:115456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115456
Yao YJ, Wang HR, Wang RR, Chai Y (2019) Novel cellulose-gelatin composite films made from self-dispersed microgels: structure and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 123:991–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.184
Yeng CM, Husseinsyah S, Ting SS (2015) A comparative study of different crosslinking agent-modified/corn cob biocomposite films. Polym Bull 72:791–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-015-1305-8
Yousefi P, Hamedi S, Garmaroody ER, Koosha M (2020) Antibacterial nanobiocomposite based on halloysite nanotubes and extracted xylan from bagasse pith. Int J Biol Macromol 160:276–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.209
Yu Z, Li BQ, Chu JY, Zhang PF (2018) Silica in situ enhanced PVA/chitosan biodegradable films for food packages. Carbohydr Polym 184:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.043
Yuan TZ, Zeng JS, Wang B, Cheng Z, Gao WH, Xu J, Chen KF (2020) Silver nanoparticles immobilized on cellulose nanofibrils for starch-based nanocomposites with high antibacterial, biocompatible, and mechanical properties. Cellulose 28:855–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03567-y
Zhang H, Liu PW, Peng XW, Chen SL, Zhang K (2019a) Interfacial synthesis of cellulose-derived solvent-responsive nanoparticles via schiff base reaction. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:16595–16603. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03919
Zhang X, Liu YP, Yong HM, Qin YS, Liu J, Liu J (2019b) Development of multifunctional food packaging films based on chitosan, TiO2 nanoparticles and anthocyanin-rich black plum peel extract. Food Hydrocolloid 94:80–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.009
Zhang XQ, Luo WH, Xiao NY, Chen MJ, Liu CF (2020) Construction of functional composite films originating from hemicellulose reinforced with poly(vinyl alcohol) and nano-ZnO. Cellulose 27:1341–1355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02878-z
Zhao YT, He M, Zhao L, Wang SQ, Li YP, Gan L, Li MM, Xu L, Chang PR, Anderson DP, Chen Y (2016) Epichlorohydrin-cross-linked hydroxyethyl cellulose/soy protein isolate composite films as biocompatible and viodegradable implants for tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:2781–2795. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11152
Zhu Z, Cai H, Sun DW (2018) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis technology for nonthermal inactivation of microorganism in foods. Trends Food Sci Tech 75:23–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.018
Acknowledgments
This work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32001279), the Foundation and Applied Foundation Research Project of Guangdong Province (2019A1515110191), the Special Funds for Rural Rejuvenation Strategy of Guangdong Province (2020KJ265), the Fundamental Research Funds from the Guangzhou Livelihood Project (202002020080), the integration of key technologies in green production of olecranon peach (200830191605759), and the Guangdong key laboratory of Science and Technology of Lingnan Specialty Food (2021B1212040013).
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, X., Guo, H., Xiao, N. et al. Preparation and properties of epichlorohydrin-cross-linked chitosan/hydroxyethyl cellulose based CuO nanocomposite films. Cellulose 29, 4413–4426 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04511-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04511-y