Abstract
A novel method for producing micro- and nanoparticles of cellulose by phase separation of its solutions in the mixture of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide and dimethyl sulfoxide initiated by cooling or adding a precipitant has been suggested. The effect of the nature of the precipitant (water, methanol, or butanol) on the size and crystallinity of cellulose particles as well as their ability to act as thickeners has been investigated. In all cases, the regenerated cellulose was amorphous in nature, while only the use of alkaline water for precipitation allowed producing nanoscale particles of nanocellulose. Rheological properties of aqueous and alcoholic dispersions containing cellulose with concentration up to 3% have been considered. It turned out that the size and origin of the cellulose particles had very little effect on the rheology of the dispersions, which exhibited typical gel properties. Synthesized nanocellulose was used then as a thickener agent to obtain biodegradable low-temperature greases based on polar base oil—triethyl citrate. Tribological and rheological properties of the resulting lubricants have been investigated. Introduction of 7% nanocellulose made it possible to obtain a grease of medium consistency with high wear protection and low friction coefficient under high loads.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Data are available upon request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Ach A (1993) Biodegradable plastics based on cellulose acetate. J Macromol Sci, Part a Pure Appl Chem 30(9–10):733–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601329308021259
Adsul M, Soni SK, Bhargava SK, Bansal V (2012) Facile approach for the dispersion of regenerated cellulose in aqueous system in the form of nanoparticles. Biomacromol 13(9):2890–2895. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm3009022
Agarwal UP, Ralph SA, Baez C, Reiner RS (2021) Contributions of crystalline and noncrystalline cellulose can occur in the same spectral regions: evidence based on raman and ir and its implication for crystallinity measurements. Biomacromol 22(4):1357–1373. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01389
Akhtar K, Yousafzai S (2020) Tribological and rheological properties of the ultrafine CaCO3 blended nano grease. J Dispersion Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2020.1842757
Anokhina TS, Ignatenko VY, Kostyuk AV et al (2020) The effect of the nature of a coagulant on the nanofiltration properties of cellulose membranes formed from solutions in ionic media. Membr Membr Technol 2(3):149–158. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2517751620030026
Awang NW, Ramasamy D, Kadirgama K et al (2019) An experimental study on characterization and properties of nano lubricant containing Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC). Int J Heat Mass Transf 130:1163–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.041
Bair S, Yamaguchi T, Brouwer L et al (2014) Oscillatory and steady shear viscosity: the Cox-Merz rule, superposition, and application to EHL friction. Tribol Int 79:126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.06.001
Beaumont M, Rennhofer H, Opietnik M, Lichtenegger HC, Potthast A, Rosenau T (2016) Nanostructured cellulose II gel consisting of spherical particles. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4(8):4424–4432. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01036
Beaumont M, Rosenfeldt S, Tardy BL, Gusenbauer C, Khakalo A, Opietnik M, Potthast A, Rojas OJ, Rosenau T (2019) Soft cellulose II nanospheres: sol–gel behaviour, swelling and material synthesis. Nanoscale 11(38):17773–17781. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR05309C
Brinchi L, Cotana F, Fortunati E, Kenny JM (2013) Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohydr Polym 94(1):154–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.033
Chi K, Catchmark JM (2017) Crystalline nanocellulose/lauric arginate complexes. Carbohydr Polym 175:320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.005
Ciftci GC, Larsson PA, Riazanova AV, Øvrebø HH, Wågberg L, Berglund LA (2020) Tailoring of rheological properties and structural polydispersity effects in microfibrillated cellulose suspensions. Cellulose 27(16):9227–9241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03438-6
Ciolacu D, Ciolacu F, Popa VI (2011) Amorphous cellulose—structure and characterization. Cellulose Chem Technol 45(1–2):13–21
Clayton G, Clayton F (eds) (1993–1994) Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp 3059
Congde Q, Guangxin C, Jianlong Z, Jinshui Y (2016) Structure and rheological properties of cellulose nanocrystals suspension. Food Hydrocoll 55:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.11.005
Cox WP, Merz EH (1958) Correlation of dynamic and steady flow viscosities. J Polym Sci 28:619–622. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1958.1202811812
Dufresne A (2013) Nanocellulose: a new ageless bionanomaterial. Mater Today 16(6):220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.06.004
Egal M, Budtova T, Navard P (2008) The dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in sodium hydroxide-urea aqueous solutions. Cellulose 15(3):361–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9185-1
French AD, Santiago CM (2013) Cellulose polymorphy, crystallite size, and the Segal Crystallinity Index. Cellulose 20(1):583–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9833-y
Gallego R, Cidade T, Sánchez R, Franco JM (2016a) Tribological behaviour of novel chemically modified biopolymer-thickened lubricating greases investigated in a steel–steel rotating ball-on-three plates tribology cell. Tribol Intern 94:652–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.10.028
Gallego R, Cidade T, Sánchez R, Valencia C, Franco J (2016b) Tribological behaviour of novel chemically modified biopolymer-thickened lubricating greases investigated in a steel–steel rotating ball-on-three plates tribology cell. Tribol Intern 94:652–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.10.028
Gama M, Gatenholm P, Klemm D (2012) Bacterial nanocellulose: a sophisticated multifunctional material. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12936
Gatenholm P, Klemm D (2010) Bacterial nanocellulose as a renewable material for biomedical applications. MRS Bull 35(3):208–213. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.653
Gorbacheva SN, Ilyin SO (2021) Morphology and rheology of heavy crude oil/water emulsions stabilized by microfibrillated cellulose. Energy Fuel. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02797
Gorbacheva SN, Makarova VV, Ilyin SO (2021a) Hydrophobic nanosilica-stabilized graphite particles for improving thermal conductivity of paraffin wax-based phase-change materials. J Energy Storage 36:102417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102417
Gorbacheva SN, Yadykova AY, Ilyin SO (2021b) Rheological and tribological properties of low-temperature greases based on cellulose acetate butyrate gel. Carbohydr Polym 272:118509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118509
Gorbacheva SN, Yarmush YM, Ilyin SO (2020) Rheology and tribology of ester-based greases with microcrystalline cellulose and organomodified montmorillonite. Tribol Intern 148:106318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106318
Gupta VK, Carrott PJM, Singh R, Chaudhary M, Kushwaha S (2016) Cellulose: a review as natural, modified and activated carbon adsorbent. Bioresour Technol 216:1066–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.106
Gurt A, Khonsari MM (2021) Testing Grease Consistency Lubricants 9(2):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9020014
Hedlund A, Theliander H, Köhnke T (2019) Mass transport during coagulation of cellulose-ionic liquid solutions in different non-solvents. Cellulose 26(16):8525–8541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02649-w
Honary L, Richter E (2011) Biobased lubricants and greases: Technology and products. Wiley, New York. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470971956
Huang Z, Liu C, Feng X, Wu M, Tang Y, Li B (2020) Effect of regeneration solvent on the characteristics of regenerated cellulose from lithium bromide trihydrate molten salt. Cellulose 27(16):9243–9256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03440-y
Huber T, Müssig J, Curnow O, Pang S, Bickerton S, Staiger MP (2012) A critical review of all-cellulose composites. J Mater Sci 47:1171–1186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5774-3
Hudson RE, Holder AJ, Hawkins KM, Williams PR, Curtis DJ (2017) An enhanced rheometer inertia correction procedure (ERIC) for the study of gelling systems using combined motor-transducer rheometers. Phys Fluids 29(12):121602. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4993308
Hurtado PL, Rouilly A, Vandenbossche V, Raynaud C (2016) A review on the properties of cellulose fibre insulation. Build Envir 96:170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.031
Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Sanyang ML, Ishak MR, Zainudin ES (2018) Nanocrystalline cellulose as reinforcement for polymeric matrix nanocomposites and its potential applications: a review. Curr Anal Chem 14(3):203–225. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573411013666171003155624
Ilyin SO, Arinina MP, Malkin AY, Kulichikhin VG (2016) Sol-Gel Transition and Rheological Properties of Silica Nanoparticle Dispersions. Colloid J 78(5):608–615. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061933X16050070
Ilyin S, Kulichikhin V, Malkin A (2014) Characterization of material viscoelasticity at large deformations. Appl Rheol 24(1):13653. https://doi.org/10.3933/ApplRheol-24-13653
Ilyin SO, Makarova VV, Anokhina TS, Volkov AV, Antonov SV (2017) Effect of coagulating agent viscosity on the kinetics of formation, morphology, and transport properties of cellulose nanofiltration membranes. Polym Sci Ser A 59(5):676–684. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X17050054
Ilyin S, Makarova V, Anokhina T et al (2018) Diffusion and phase separation at the morphology formation of cellulose membranes by regeneration from N-methylmorpholine N-oxide solutions. Cellulose 25(4):2515–2530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1756-9
Ilyin SO, Makarova VV, Polyakova MY, Kulichikhin VG (2020) Phase behavior and rheology of miscible and immiscible blends of linear and hyperbranched siloxane macromolecules. Mater Today Commun 22:100833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100833
Ioelovich M (2008) Cellulose as a nanostructured polymer: a short review. BioRes 3(4):1403–1418
Isogai A, Atalla RH (1991) Amorphous celluloses stable in aqueous media: regeneration from SO2–amine solvent systems. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 29(1):113–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290113
Isogai A, Atalla RH (1998) Dissolution of cellulose in aqueous NaOH solutions. Cellulose 5(4):309–319. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009272632367
Jozala AF, de Lencastre-Novaes LC, Lopes AM et al (2016) Bacterial nanocellulose production and application: a 10-year overview. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100(5):2063–2072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7243-4
Kim JH, Shim BS, Kim HS et al (2015) Review of nanocellulose for sustainable future materials. Int J Pr Eng Man-GT 2(2):197–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-015-0024-9
Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S et al (2011) Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(24):5438–5466. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001273
Klemm D, Schumann D, Kramer F et al (2009) Nanocellulose materials–different cellulose, different functionality. Macromol Symp 280(1):60–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200950608
Koca H, Doganay S, Turgut A, Tavman I, Saidur R, Mahbubul I (2018) Effect of particle size on the viscosity of nanofluids: a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 82:1664–1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.016
Kolakovic R, Peltonen L, Laukkanen A, Hirvonen J, Laaksonen T (2012) Nanofibrillar cellulose films for controlled drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 82(2):308–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.06.011
Koponen AI (2020) The effect of consistency on the shear rheology of aqueous suspensions of cellulose micro-and nanofibrils: a review. Cellulose 27(4):1879–1897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02908-w
Kostyuk AV, Ignatenko VY, Makarova VV et al (2020) Polyethylene wax as an alternative to mineral fillers for preparation of reinforced pressure-sensitive adhesives. Int J Adhes Adhes 102:102689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102689
Kulichikhin V, Golova L, Makarov I et al (2017) Solutions of acrylonitrile copolymers in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide: Structure, properties, fiber spinning. Eur Polym J 92:326–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.021
Lam E, Male KB, Chong JH, Leung AC, Luong JH (2012) Applications of functionalized and nanoparticle-modified nanocrystalline cellulose. Trends Biotechnol 30(5):283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.02.001
Larsson M, Hill A, Duffy J (2012) Suspension stability; why particle size, zeta potential and rheology are important. Annu Trans Nord Rheol Soc 20:6
Li J, Wei X, Wang Q et al (2012) Homogeneous isolation of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse by high pressure homogenization. Carbohydr Polym 90(4):1609–1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.038
Lima G, Sierakowski M, Faria-Tischer P, Tischer C (2009) Characterization of the bacterial cellulose dissolved on dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride. 10 Congresso Brasileiro de polímeros. Foz de Iguaçu.
Lyadov AS, Maksimova YM, Ilyin SO et al (2018) Specific features of greases based on Poly-α-olefin Oils with ureate thickeners of various structures. Russ J Appl Chem 91(11): 1735–1741. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427218110010
Maksimova Y, Shakhmatova A, Ilyin S et al (2018) Rheological and tribological properties of lubricating greases based on esters and polyurea thickeners. Pet Chem 58(12):1064–1069. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544118120071
Malkin AY, Ilyin SO, Arinina MP, Kulichikhin VG (2017) The rheological state of suspensions in varying the surface area of nano-silica particles and molecular weight of the poly(ethylene oxide) matrix. Colloid Polym Sci 295(4):555–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-017-4046-4
Malkin A, Ilyin S, Roumyantseva T, Kulichikhin V (2013) Rheological evidence of gel formation in dilute poly(acrylonitrile) solutions. Macromolecules 46(1):257–266. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma301423u
Malkin A, Ilyin S, Semakov A, Kulichikhin V (2012) Viscoplasticity and stratified flow of colloid suspensions. Soft Matter 8(9): 2607–2617. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2SM06950D
Mansikkamäki P, Lahtinen M, Rissanen K (2005) Structural changes of cellulose crystallites induced by mercerisation in different solvent systems; determined by powder X-ray diffraction method. Cellulose 12(3):233–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-004-3132-1
McCormick CL, Callais PA, Hutchinson BH (1985) Solution studies of cellulose in lithium chloride and N. N-Dimethylacetamide Macromolecules 18(12):2394–2401. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00154a010
Mendoza L, Batchelor W, Tabor R, Garnier G (2018) Gelation mechanism of cellulose nanofibre gels: A colloids and interfacial perspective. J Colloid Interface Sci 509:39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.101
Mewis J, Wagner N (2012) Colloidal suspension rheology. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977978
Moberg T, Sahlin K, Yao K et al (2017) Rheological properties of nanocellulose suspensions: effects of fibril/particle dimensions and surface characteristics. Cellulose 24(6):2499–2510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1283-0
Mohammad F, Al-lohedan HA, Jawaid M (2020) Sustainable Nanocellulose and Nanohydrogels from Natural Sources. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-01128-7
Mondal S (2018) Review on nanocellulose polymer nanocomposites. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 57(13):1377–1391. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2017.1381253
Moon RJ, Martini A, Nairn J, Simonsen J, Youngblood J (2011) Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chem Soc Rev 40(7):3941–3994. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CS00108B
Mubashshir M, Shaukat A (2019) The Role of Grease Composition and Rheology in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication. Tribol Lett 67(4):104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-019-1218-z
Nam S, French A, Condon B, Concha M (2016) Segal crystallinity index revisited by the simulation of X-ray diffraction patterns of cotton cellulose Iβ and cellulose II. Carbohydr Polym 135:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.035
Neale SM (1930) The swelling of cellulose, and its affinity relations with aqueous solutions. Part II—Acidic properties of regenerated cellulose illustrated by the absorption of sodium hydroxide and water from dilute solutions, and the consequent swelling. J Text Inst Trans 21(5):T225-T230. https://doi.org/10.1080/19447023008661515
Peng BL, Dhar N, Liu HL, Tam KC (2011) Chemistry and applications of nanocrystalline cellulose and its derivatives: a nanotechnology perspective. Can J Chem Eng 89(5):1191–1206. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20554
Phanthong P, Reubroycharoen P, Hao X et al (2018) Nanocellulose: Extraction and application. Carbon Resour Convers 1(1):32–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crcon.2018.05.004
Picheth GF, Pirich CL, Sierakowski MR et al (2017) Bacterial cellulose in biomedical applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 104:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.171
Pértile RAN, Moreira S, da Costa RMG et al (2012) Bacterial Cellulose: Long-Term Biocompatibility Studies. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 23(10):1339–1354. https://doi.org/10.1163/092050611X581516
Rosenau T, Potthast A, Adorjan I, Hofinger A, Sixta H, Firgo H, Kosma P (2002) Cellulose solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO)–degradation processes and stabilizers. Cellulose 9(3):283–291. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021127423041
Rosenau T, Potthast A, Kosma P, Chen CL, Gratzl JS (1999) Autocatalytic decomposition of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide induced by Mannich intermediates. J Org Chem 64(7):2166–2167. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo982350y
Rudnick LR (2020) Synthetics, mineral oils, and bio-based lubricants: chemistry and technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315158150
Salas C, Nypelö T, Rodriguez-Abreu C, Carrillo C, Rojas O (2014) Nanocellulose properties and applications in colloids and interfaces. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 19(5):383–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2014.10.003
Sánchez R, Franco JM, Delgado MÁ, Valencia C, Gallegos C (2011) Gel-like dispersions based on cellulosic derivatives and castor oil applicable as biodegradable lubricating greases. Chem Eng Trans 24:499–504. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1124248
Schramm G (1994) A Practical Approach to Rheology and Rheometry. HAAKE, Karlsruhe.
Shafiei-Sabet S, Hamad W, Hatzikiriakos S (2012) Rheology of nanocrystalline cellulose aqueous suspensions. Langmuir 28:17124–17133. https://doi.org/10.1021/la303380v
Shafiei-Sabet S, Martinez M, Olson J (2016) Shear rheology of micro-fibrillar cellulose aqueous suspensions. Cellulose 23(5):2943–2953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1040-9
Sharma A, Thakur M, Bhattacharya M, Mandal T, Goswami S (2019) Commercial application of cellulose nano-composites–A review. Biotechnol Rep 21:e00316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00316
Siró I, Plackett D (2010) Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review. Cellulose 17(3):459–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9405-y
Song Y, Zhou J, Zhang L, Wu X (2008) Homogenous modification of cellulose with acrylamide in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions. Carbohydr Polym 73(1):18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.10.018
Strelets LA, Ilyin SO (2021) Effect of enhanced oil recovery on the composition and rheological properties of heavy crude oil. J Petrol Sci Eng 203:108641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108641
Tan T, Goh T, Karunaratne G et al (1991) Yield stress measurement by a penetration method. Can Geotech J 28(4):517–522. https://doi.org/10.1139/t91-068
Terinte N, Ibbett R, Schuster K (2011) Overview on native cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose I structure studied by X-ray diffraction (WAXD): Comparison between measurement techniques. Lenzinger Berichte 89(1):118–131
Tonkonogov BP, Kilyakova AY, Stenina ND et al (2020) Effect of Thickener Nature on Properties of Polyurealubricant Compositions Based on Esters. Chem Technol Fuels Oils 55(6):689–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-020-01083-0
Vadodaria SS, Onyianta AJ, Sun D (2018) High-shear rate rheometry of micro-nanofibrillated cellulose (CMF/CNF) suspensions using rotational rheometer. Cellulose 25(10):5535–5552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1963-4
Viet D, Beck-Candanedo S, Gray DG (2007) Dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals in polar organic solvents. Cellulose 14(2):109–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-006-9093-9
Williams L, Landel R, Ferry J (1955) The Temperature Dependence of Relaxation Mechanisms in Amorphous Polymers and Other Glass-forming Liquids. J Amer Chem Soc 77(14):3701–3707. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01619a008
Woodings C (2001) Regenerated cellulose fibres. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781855737587
Zhang S, Zhang L, Bouzid M, Rocklin D, Gado D, Mao X (2019) Correlated rigidity percolation and colloidal gels. Phys Rev Lett 123(5):058001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.058001
Zhu S, Wu Y, Chen Q et al (2006) Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids and its application: a mini-review. Green Chem 8(4):325–327. https://doi.org/10.1039/B601395C
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to S.P. Molchanov for obtaining an AFM image of the nanocellulose film. SEM images were captured in the Shared Research Center “Analytical center of deep oil processing and petrochemistry of TIPS RAS”.
Funding
This research was carried out within the State Program of A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
S.N. Gorbacheva: Investigation, Writing—Original Draft; A.Y. Yadykova: Investigation; S.O. Ilyin: Conceptualization, Supervision, Methodology, Investigation, Writing—Review & Editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Consent to participate
All authors consent to participate in this article.
Consent for publication
All authors consent to the publication of this article.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gorbacheva, S.N., Yadykova, A.Y. & Ilyin, S.O. A novel method for producing cellulose nanoparticles and their possible application as thickeners for biodegradable low-temperature greases. Cellulose 28, 10203–10219 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04166-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04166-1