Abstract
The high cost of carbon fibre continues to limit its use in industries like automotive, construction and energy. Since the cost is closely linked to the precursor, considerable research has focussed on the use of low-cost alternatives. A promising candidate is a composite fibre consisting of blended cellulose and lignin, which has the added benefit of being derived from sustainable resources. The benefits of blending cellulose and lignin reduce some of the negative aspects of converting single component cellulose and lignin fibres to carbon fibre, although the production from such a blend, remains largely underdeveloped. In this study, the effects of stabilisation temperature and the stabilisation process of the blended fibres are explored. Moreover, the viscoelastic properties of the cellulose-lignin fibre are investigated by DMA for the first time. Finally, the cause of fusion in the stabilisation is adressed and solved by applying a spin finish.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bajaj P (1997) Spin finishes for manufactured fibres. In: Manufactured fibre technology. Springer, New York, pp 139–169
Bajpai P (2017) Carbon fibre from lignin. Springer, New York
Baker DA, Gallego NC, Baker FS (2012) On the characterization and spinning of an organic-purified lignin toward the manufacture of low-cost carbon fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 124:227–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.33596
Bengtsson A, Bengtsson J, Sedin M, Sjöholm E (2019) Carbon fibers from lignin-cellulose precursors: effect of stabilization conditions. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:8440–8448. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00108
Bohner J, Weeber M, Kuebler F, Steinhilper R (2015) Developing a learning factory to increase resource efficiency in composite manufacturing processes BT - 5th Conference on Learning Factories 2015, July 7, 2015–July 8, 2015. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 64–69
Boukir A, Fellak S, Doumenq P (2019) Structural characterization of Argania spinosa Moroccan wooden artifacts during natural degradation progress using infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Heliyon 5:e02477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02477
Brodin I, Ernstsson M, Gellerstedt G, Sjöholm E (2012) Oxidative stabilisation of kraft lignin for carbon fibre production. Holzforschung. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2011.133
Brunner PH, Roberts PV (1980) The significance of heating rate on char yield and char properties in the pyrolysis of cellulose. Carbon N Y 18:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(80)90064-0
Byrne N, De Silva R, Ma Y et al (2018) Enhanced stabilization of cellulose-lignin hybrid filaments for carbon fiber production. Cellulose 25:723–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1579-0
Cho M, Karaaslan M, Chowdhury S et al (2018) Skipping oxidative thermal stabilization for lignin-based carbon nanofibers. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:6434–6444. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00209
Choi D, Kil HS, Lee S (2019) Fabrication of low-cost carbon fibers using economical precursors and advanced processing technologies. Carbon N Y 142:610–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.10.028
De Nardo L, Farè S (2017) Dynamico-mechanical characterization of polymer biomaterials. Charact Polym Biomater. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100737-2.00009-1
Ebeling H, Fink H-P, Lehmann A (2012) Method for the production of lignin-containing precursor fibres and also carbon fibres
Fang W, Yang S, Wang X-L et al (2017) Manufacture and application of lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs) and lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNFs). Green Chem 19:1794–1827. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6gc03206k
Ford CE, Mitchell C V. (1963) Fibrous graphite. US Pat. 3,107,152 1-5
Frank E, Hermanutz F, Buchmeiser MR (2012) Carbon fibers: Precursors, manufacturing, and properties. Macromol Mater Eng 297:493–501. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201100406
Frank E, Steudle LM, Ingildeev D et al (2014) Carbon fibers: Precursor systems, processing, structure, and properties. Angew Chemie - Int Ed 53:5262–5298. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201306129
Garoff N, Protz R, Erdmann J, et al (2016) A process for the manufacture of a precursor yarn
Ghysels S, Ronsse F, Dickinson D, Prins W (2019) Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar from lignin-rich digested stillage from lignocellulosic ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 122:349–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.040
Hosseinaei O, Harper DP, Bozell JJ, Rials TG (2017) Improving processing and performance of pure lignin carbon fibers through hardwood and herbaceous lignin blends. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18071410
Huang X (2009) Fabrication and properties of carbon fibers. Materials (Basel) 2:2369–2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2042369
Jiang W, Sun L, Hao A, Chen J (2011) Regenerated cellulose fibers from waste bagasse using ionic liquid. Text Res J 81:1949–1958. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517511414974
Kadla JF, Kubo S, Venditti RA et al (2002) Lignin-based carbon fibers for composite fiber applications. Carbon N Y 40:2913–2920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00248-8
Kawamoto H (2017) Lignin pyrolysis reactions. J Wood Sci 63:117–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-016-1606-z
Kubo S, Kadla JF (2004) Poly(ethylene oxide)/organosolv lignin blends: relationship between thermal properties, chemical structure, and blend behavior. Macromolecules 37:6904–6911. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0490552
Kubo S, Kadla JF (2005) Kraft lignin/poly(ethylene oxide) blends: effect of lignin structure on miscibility and hydrogen bonding. J Appl Polym Sci 98:1437–1444. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22245
Lobo H, Bonilla J V. (2003) Handbook of Plastics Analysis. Marcel Dekker
Lu H, Cornell A, Alvarado F et al (2016) Lignin as a binder material for eco-friendly Li-Ion batteries. Materials (Basel) 9:127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9030127
Ma Y, Asaadi S, Johansson L-S et al (2015) High-strength composite fibers from cellulose-lignin blends regenerated from ionic liquid solution. Chemsuschem 8:4030–4039. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201501094
Mikkilä J, Trogen M, Koivu KAY et al (2020) Fungal treatment modifies Kraft lignin for lignin- and cellulose-based carbon fiber precursors. ACS Omega 5:6130–6140. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00142
Morgan P (2005) carbon fibers and their composites. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Nunna S, Naebe M, Hameed N et al (2016) Investigation of progress of reactions and evolution of radial heterogeneity in the initial stage of thermal stabilization of PAN precursor fibres. Polym Degrad Stab 125:105–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POLYMDEGRADSTAB.2016.01.008
Ogale AA, Zhang M, Jin J (2016) Recent advances in carbon fibers derived from biobased precursors. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43794
Olsson C, Sjöholm E, Reimann A (2017) Carbon fibres from precursors produced by dry-jet wet-spinning of Kraft lignin blended with Kraft pulps. Holzforschung 71:275–283. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0189
Shrivastava A (2018) Plastic properties and testing. In: Introduction to plastics engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 49–110
Sudo K, Shimizu K, Nakashima N, Yokoyama A (1993) A new modification method of exploded lignin for the preparation of a carbon fiber precursor. J Appl Polym Sci 48:1485–1491. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070480817
Tang M, Bacon R (1964) Carbonization of cellulose fibers—I. Low temperature pyrolysis. Carbon N Y 2:211–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(64)90035-1
Torregrosa MEM, Diez JC (2015) Reactions and mechanisms in thermal analysis of advanced materials. Wiley Online Library
Uraki Y, Kubo S, Nigo N et al (1995) Preparation of carbon fibers from organosolv lignin obtained by aqueous acetic acid pulping. Holzforschung 49:343–350. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1995.49.4.343
Vincent S, Prado R, Kuzmina O et al (2018) Regenerated cellulose and willow lignin blends as potential renewable precursors for carbon fibers. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:5903–5910. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03200
Zhang M, Jin J, Ogale A (2015) Carbon fibers from UV-assisted stabilization of lignin-based precursors. Fibers 3:184–196. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib3020184
Acknowledgments
MT and MH have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No 715788).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no conflicts to declare.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Le, ND., Trogen, M., Ma, Y. et al. Understanding the influence of key parameters on the stabilisation of cellulose-lignin composite fibres. Cellulose 28, 911–919 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03583-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03583-y