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Cellulose nanofibrils as a replacement for xanthan gum (XGD) in water based muds (WBMs) to be used in shale formations

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Abstract

In this work, the potential replacement of xanthan gum (XGD) by cellulose nanofibrils in the composition of water based muds (WBMs) was studied. Bleached (B-CNF) and unbleached (L-CNF) cellulose nanofibrils, mainly differentiated by their lignin content, were tested and their performances were compared with that of XGD. The effects of cellulose nanofibrils on the rheological and filtration properties of WBMs were investigated. Rheometric analysis showed a shear-thinning behavior more noticeable for fluids containing B-CNF and XGD, while filtration properties were improved using L-CNF. The Sisko model was used to determine rheological parameters. Finally, it was found that by replacing XGD by double concentration of L-CNF in a WBM for Argentina shale, similar rheological properties were obtained. Structural changes were assessed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Particles agglomeration and good film formability were observed. Furthermore, WBMs with lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils exhibited a better thermal stability after aging.

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Abbreviations

A :

Cross section area in Eq. (1)

BT:

Bentonite

B-CNF:

Fully-bleached cellulose nanofibrils

CNF:

Cellulose nanofibrils

L-CNF:

Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils

OBMs:

Oil based muds

PAC:

Polyanionic cellulose

S-BCNF:

Systems of fluids containing BT, B-CNF, PAC and H2O

S-LCNF:

Systems of fluids containing BT, L-CNF, PAC and H2O

S-XGD:

Systems of fluids containing BT, XGD, PAC and H2O

WBMs:

Water based muds

XGD:

Xanthan gum

k :

Flow consistency coefficient at low shear rate (mPa·s)

K c :

Permeability (mD)

n :

Flow behavior index

q :

Filtrate rate (cm3/s)

t c :

Thickness of filter cake (cm)

\(\dot{\gamma }\) :

Shear rate (1/s)

\(\Delta P\) :

Pressure difference (6.80 atm)

\(\eta_{\infty }\) :

Viscosity at infinite shear rate (mPa·s)

\(\mu\) :

Viscosity of the filtrate at 25 °C (1.00 cP)

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA) and Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) for the funding. Raquel Martin Sampedro and Maria Eugenia Eugenio from the National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA, Spain) are acknowledged for providing the cellulose pulps. CNF suspensions were produced under Panu Lahtinen from VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd. (Espoo, Finland) is acknowledged for producing the CNF suspensions.

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  1. INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral – Conicet), Güemes 3450, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    Yurany Villada, Natalia Casis & Diana Estenoz

  2. Forest Products Development Center, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 520 Deval Drive, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA

    María Celeste Iglesias & María Soledad Peresin

  3. ITBA (Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires), Av. Madero 399, 1106, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Eleonora Erdmann

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  1. Yurany Villada
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Villada, Y., Iglesias, M.C., Casis, N. et al. Cellulose nanofibrils as a replacement for xanthan gum (XGD) in water based muds (WBMs) to be used in shale formations. Cellulose 25, 7091–7112 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2081-z

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