Abstract
Cellulose-based paper is a versatile material with a diverse array of applications. While paper is not commonly thought of as a material that shrinks, here we present a method for miniaturizing paper via periodate oxidation. Chromatography paper was exposed to varying concentrations of periodate (0.1–0.5 M) over a 96-h period. Following optimization of miniaturization parameters, fourteen different types of paper were miniaturized and reductions in surface area ranging from 60 to 80% were observed. All cellulose paper types, but not cellulose-derivatives, displayed successful miniaturization. Results were highly tunable dependent upon periodate concentration and reaction time. Potential applications of the technique are discussed, including its use as a microfabrication method.
Graphical Abstract
References
Aldalali B, Kanhere A, Fernandes J, Huang CC, Jiang H (2014) Fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane microlenses utilizing hydrogel shrinkage and a single molding step. Micromachines 5:275–288. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5020275
Chen WC, Tejado A, Alam MN, van de Ven TGM (2015) Hydrophobic cellulose: a material that expands upon drying. Cellulose 22:2749–2754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0645-8
Davidson GF (1941) The progressive oxidation of cotton cellulose by periodic acid and metaperiodate over a wide range of oxygen consumption. J Text Inst Trans 32:T109–T131. https://doi.org/10.1080/19447024108659362
Deng S, Gao E, Wang Y, Sen S, Sreenivasan ST, Behura S, Král P, Xu Z, Berry V (2016) Confined, oriented, and electrically anisotropic graphene wrinkles on bacteria. ACS Nano 10:8403–8412. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b03214
Fletcher HM, Roberts SH (1953) Distortion in knit fabrics and its relation to shrinkage in laundering. Text Res J 23:37–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051755302300106
Grimes A, Breslauer DN, Long M, Pegan J, Lee LP, Khine M (2008) Shrinky-Dink microfluidics: rapid generation of deep and rounded patterns. Lab Chip 8:170–172. https://doi.org/10.1039/b711622e
Guthrie RD (1962) The “dialdehydes” from the periodate oxidation of carbohydrates. Adv Carbohydr Chem 16:105–158
Hermann CKF (1997) The shrinking dollar bill. J Chem Educ 74:1357
Jackson EL, Hudson CS (1937) Application of the cleavage type of oxidation by periodic acid to starch and cellulose. J Am Chem Soc 10:2049–2050
Juciene M, Dobilate V, Kazlauskaite G (2006) Influence of industrial washing on denim properties. Mater Sci 12:355–359
Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:3358–3393
Malaprade L (1928) Action of polyalcohols on periodic acid. Analytical application. Bull Soc Chim Fr 43:683–696
Malaprade L (1934) A study of the action of polyalcohols on periodic acid and alkaline periodates. Bull Soc Chim Fr 5:833–852
Nevell TP (1957) 35—the mechanism of the oxidation of cellulose by periodate. J Text Inst Trans 48:T484–T494. https://doi.org/10.1080/19447025708660110
Potthast A, Kostic M, Schiehser S, Kosma P, Rosenau T (2007) Studies on oxidative modifications of cellulose in the periodate system: molecular weight distribution and carbonyl group profiles. Holzforschung 61:662–667. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2007.099
Su S, Nutiu R, Filipe CDM, Li Y, Pelton R (2007) Adsorption and covalent coupling of ATP-binding DNA aptamers onto cellulose. Langmuir 23:1300–1302. https://doi.org/10.1021/la060961c
Wang S, Ge L, Song X, Yan M, Ge S, Yu J, Zeng F (2012) Simple and covalent fabrication of a paper device and its application in sensitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Analyst 137:3821. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2an35266d
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR 1709740, by the California State University Program for Education and Research in Biotechnology, by the Cal Poly College of Science and Math CBF program, and by the Cal Poly College of Science and Math Frost summer research program. Many thanks to Trevor Harding for assistance with the SEM. Also, many thanks to Doug Brewster and Rob Brewster for their continued laboratory technical support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
EBS: study design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript drafting and revision, final approval of the version to be published, accountability for all aspects of the work; CWK: data collection, data analysis, final approval of the version to be published, accountability for all aspects of the work; AWM: study design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript drafting and revision, final approval of the version to be published, accountability for all aspects of the work; NWM: study design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript drafting and revision, final approval of the version to be published, accountability for all aspects of the work.
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Strong, E.B., Kirschbaum, C.W., Martinez, A.W. et al. Paper miniaturization via periodate oxidation of cellulose. Cellulose 25, 3211–3217 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1805-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1805-4