Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

AKD-Modification of bacterial cellulose aerogels in supercritical CO2

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Different approaches towards hydrophobic modification of bacterial cellulose aerogels with the alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) reagent are presented. If AKD modification was performed in supercritical CO2, an unexpectedly high degree of loading was observed. About 15 % of the AKD was bound covalently to the cellulose matrix, while the other part consisted of re-extractable AKD-carbonate oligomers, which are novel chemical structures described for the first time. These oligomers contain up to six AKD and CO2 moieties linked by enolcarbonate structures. The humidity uptake from environments with different relative humidity by samples equipped with up to 30 % AKD is strongly reduced, as expected due to the hydrophobization effect. Samples above 30 % AKD, and especially at very high loading between 100 and 250 %, showed the peculiar effect of increased humidity uptake which even exceeded the value of unmodified bacterial cellulose aerogels.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ek M, Gellerstedt G, Henriksson G (eds) (2009) Pulp and paper chemistry and technology, 1st edn. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, p 400

    Google Scholar 

  • Gavillon R, Budtova T (2008) Aerocellulose: new highly porous cellulose prepared from cellulose/NaOH aqueous solutions. Biomacromolecules 9(1):269–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haimer E, Liebner F, Rosenau T, Neouze M-A, Wendland M (2008) Untersuchungen zur regeneration und Trocknung bei der Herstellung von cellulose-aerogelen. Chem Ing Tech 80(9):1385–1386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton BH, Parker IH (2009) A surface study of cellulose fibres impregnated with alkyl ketene dimers via subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide. Coll Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 334(1–3):59–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liebner F, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Haimer E, Wendland M (2007) Ultralight-weight cellulose aerogels from NBnMO-stabilized Lyocell Dopes. Res Lett Mat Sci 4–8, article ID 73724

  • Liebner F, Potthast A, Haimer E, Wendland M, Rosenau T (2008) Cellulose aerogels: highly porous, ultra-lightweight materials. Holzforschung 62(2):129–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liebner F, Haimer E, Potthast A, Loidl D, Tschegg S, Neouze MA, Wendland M, Rosenau T (2009) Cellulosic aerogels as ultra-lightweight materials. Part 2: synthesis and properties. Holzforschung 63(1):3–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liebner F, Haimer E, Wendland M, Neouze M-A, Schlufter K, Miethe P, Heinze T, Potthast A, Rosenau T (2010) Aerogels from unaltered bacterial cellulose: application of scCO2 drying for the preparation of shaped, ultra-lightweight cellulosic aerogels. Macromol Biosci 10(4):349–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindfors J, Salmi J, Laine J, Stenius P (2007) AKD and ASA model surfaces: preparation and characterization. Bioresources 2(4):652–670

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odermatt J, Meyer R, Meier D, Ettl R (2003) Identification and quantification of alkyl ketene dimers by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/flame ionization detection. J Pulp Paper Sci 29(1):1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quan C, Werner O, Wagberg L, Turner C (2009) Generation of superhydrophobic paper surfaces by a rapidly expanding supercritical carbon dioxide-alkyl ketene dimer solution. J Supercrit Fluids 49(1):117–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JC (1996) The chemistry of paper. RSC paperbacks. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenau T, Russler A (2012) Novel CO2-containing oligomers by processing of alkylketene dimer (AKD) in supercritical carbon dioxide. Tewtrahedron Lett (in press)

  • Russler A, Miethe P, Liebner F, Potthast A, Rosenau T (2011) In: Proceedings of the 16th international symposium on wood, fiber and pulping chemistry (ISWFPC), June 08–10, Tianjin, China, VII/1. Modification of bacterial cellulose aerogels

  • Seo WS, Cho NS, Ohga S (2008a) Possibility of hydrogen bonding between AKD and cellulose molecules during AKD sizing. J Fac Agricult (Kyushu University) 53(2):405–410

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seo WS, Cho NS, Ohga S (2008b) Surface chemical states of sizing agents on AKD/cellulose blends by X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Fac Agricult (Kyushu University) 53(2):411–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen W, Parker I (2001) Mechanism of AKD migration studied on glass surfaces. Coll Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 176(2–3):129–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen W, Zhang H, Ettl R (2005) Chemical composition of “AKD vapour” and its implication to AKD vapour sizing. Cellulose 12(6):641–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Kannangara D, Hilder M, Ettl R, Shen W (2007) The role of vapour deposition in the hydrophobization treatment of cellulose fibres using alkyl ketene dimers and alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides. Coll Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 297(1–3):203–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Austrian Christian-Doppler-Society, Vienna and the FZMB GmbH, Bad Langensalza, Germany, for financial support within the “Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Cellulose Chemistry and Analytics” and Walter Klug for recording the SEM pictures.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Cellulose Chemistry and Analytics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria

    Axel Russler, Marcel Wieland, Markus Bacher, Ute Henniges, Falk Liebner, Antje Potthast & Thomas Rosenau

  2. FZMB GmbH Forschungszentrum für Medizintechnik und Biotechnologie, Bad Langensalza, Germany

    Peter Miethe

Authors
  1. Axel Russler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marcel Wieland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Markus Bacher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ute Henniges
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Peter Miethe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Falk Liebner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Antje Potthast
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Thomas Rosenau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Rosenau.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Russler, A., Wieland, M., Bacher, M. et al. AKD-Modification of bacterial cellulose aerogels in supercritical CO2 . Cellulose 19, 1337–1349 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9728-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9728-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation