Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Translating Liberation Psychology for Children and Adolescents from Historically Marginalized Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds: A Synthesis of the Literature

  • Published:
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Youth from historically marginalized racial and/or ethnic backgrounds often face discrimination, oppression, prejudice, racism, and segregation (DOPRS). These experiences, in turn, impact well-being and psychological functioning. Though the field of clinical child psychology is on the path to address DOPRS in clinical practice, there is sparce guidance for clinicians. Liberation psychology aims to address oppression through understanding history, acknowledging and naming DOPRS, community solidarity, and healing. Liberation psychology may be a vehicle for clinical child psychologists to address the impacts of DOPRS and empower children and adolescents to promote joy and healing within clinical settings. The literature is reviewed and synthesized to provide practical guidance so clinical child psychologists may translate liberation psychology into clinical practice. Several conceptual frameworks are presented that may help in implementing liberation psychology. Suggestions are provided for how clinical child psychologists may move beyond notions of cultural competence to a psychologist-activist model. Specific methods to create a foundation of liberation psychology in mental health treatment are discussed, such as utilizing empowerment, community, critical consciousness, and ethnic-racial socialization. Finally, specific practice considerations are provided for clinical child psychologists when applying liberation psychology in treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adames, H. Y., Chavez-Dueñas, N. Y., & Organista, K. C. (2016). Skin color matters in Latino/a communities: Identifying, understanding, and addressing Mestizaje racial ideologies in clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47, 46–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2016). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

  • American Psychological Association. (2020). Demographics of U.S. Psychology Workforce [Interactive data tool]. https://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/demographics

  • American Psychological Association. (2021a). Apology to People of Color for APA’s Role in Promoting, Perpetuating, and Failing to Challenge Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Human Hierarchy in U.S. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/racism-apology

  • American Psychological Association. (2021b). Guidelines for Psychological Practice in Health Care Delivery Systems. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/psychological-practice-health-care.pdf

  • American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

  • Anderson, R. E., McKenny, M., Mitchell, A., Koku, L., & Stevenson, H. C. (2018). EMBRacing racial stress and trauma: Preliminary feasibility and coping responses of a racial socialization intervention. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(1), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798417732930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. American Psychologist, 74(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Association of Black Psychologists (2021). The APA Apology: Unacceptable. https://abpsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ABPsi-Full-Statement.pdf

  • Ballentine, K. L. (2019). Understanding racial differences in diagnosing ODD versus ADHD using critical race theory. Families in Society, 100(3), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044389419842765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. (2019). Understanding Black and Minority Ethnic service user’s experience of racism as part of the assessment, formulation and treatment of mental health problems in cognitive behaviour therapy. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, D. L., Calhoun, C. D., Banks, D. E., Halliday, C. A., Hughes-Halbert, C., & Danielson, C. K. (2020). Making the “C-ACE” for a culturally-informed adverse childhood experiences framework to understand the pervasive mental health impact of racism on Black youth. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14(2), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00319-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant-Davis, T. (2007). Healing requires recognition: The case for race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 135–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant-Davis, T., & Ocampo, C. (2005). The trauma of racism: Implications for counseling, research, and education. The Counseling Psychologist, 33(4), 574–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005276581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabral, R. R., & Smith, T. B. (2011). Racial/ethnic matching of clients and therapists in mental health services: A meta-analytic review of preferences, perceptions, and outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 537–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 13–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006292033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Causadias, J. M., Vitriol, J. A., & Atkin, A. L. (2018). Do we overemphasize the role of culture in the behavior of racial/ethnic minorities? Evidence of a cultural (mis)attribution bias in American psychology. American Psychologist, 73(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, S. C., Singh, A., & Dickey, L. M. (2018). A clinician’s guide to gender-affirming care: Working with transgender & gender nonconforming clients. New Harbinger Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman-Hilliard, C., & Adams-Bass, V. (2016). A conceptual framework for utilizing Black history knowledge as a path to psychological liberation for Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(6), 479–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798415597840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez-Dueñas, N. Y., Adames, H. Y., Perez-Chavez, J. G., & Salas, S. P. (2019). Healing ethno-racial trauma in Latinx immigrant communities: Cultivating hope, resistance, and action. American Psychologist, 74, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comas-Díaz, L. (2016). Racial trauma recovery: A race-informed therapeutic approach to racial wounds. In A. N. Alvarez, C. T. H. Liang, & H. A. Neville (Eds.), The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination (pp. 249–272). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14852-012

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Comas-Díaz, L., Hall, G. N., & Neville, H. A. (2019). Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 74(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, 139–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (1995). Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie, C. L., Copeland, J. L., & Metz, G. A. (2019). Childhood racial discrimination and adult allostatic load: The role of Indigenous cultural continuity in allostatic resiliency. Social Science & Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, E. (2001). Counseling practices to ameliorate the effects of discrimination and hate events: Toward a systematic approach to assessment and intervention. The Counseling Psychologist, 29(2), 279–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000001292007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fadus, M. C., Ginsburg, K. R., Sobowale, K., Halliday-Boykins, C. A., Bryant, B. E., Gray, K. M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2020). Unconscious bias and the diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorders and ADHD in African American and Hispanic youth. Academic Psychiatry, 44(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-019-01127-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher-Borne, M., Cain, J. M., & Martin, S. L. (2015). From mastery to accountability: Cultural humility as an alternative to cultural competence. Social Work Education, 34(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2014.977244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (2005). Education for critical consciousness. Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, B. H., Lewis, J. A., Mosley, D. V., Adames, H. Y., Chavez-Dueñas, N. Y., Chen, G. A., & Neville, H. A. (2020). Toward a psychological framework of radical healing in communities of color. The Counseling Psychologist, 48(1), 14–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019843506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, J., & Carter, R. T. (2012). The relationship between racial identity status attitudes, racism-related coping, and mental health among Black Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(2), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Vázquez García, H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliam, W. S., Maupin, A. N., Reyes, C. R., Accavitti, M., & Shic, F. (2016). Do early educators’ implicit biases regarding sex and race relate to behavior expectations and recommendations of preschool expulsions and suspensions? Yale University, Child Study Center. Retrieved from https://medicine.yale.edu/childstudy/zigler/publications/Preschool%20Implicit%20Bias%20Policy%20Brief_final_9_26_276766_5379_v1.pdf

  • Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, W. E., Wendt, D. C., Burrage, R. L., Pomerville, A., & Gone, J. P. (2019). American Indian historical trauma: Anticolonial prescriptions for healing, resilience, and survivance. American Psychologist, 74, 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heard-Garris, N. J., Cale, M., Camaj, L., Hamati, M. C., & Dominguez, T. P. (2018). Transmitting trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health. Social Science and Medicine, 199, 230–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, S. C., Facemire, V. C., & DaFonseca, A. M. (2016). Expanding criterion A for posttraumatic stress disorder: Considering the deleterious impact of oppression. Traumatology, 22(4), 314–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hope, E. C., Hoggard, L. S., & Thomas, A. (2015). Emerging into adulthood in the face of racial discrimination: Physiological, psychological, and sociopolitical consequences for African American youth. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1(4), 342–351. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huey, S. J., & Polo, A. J. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for ethnic minority youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 262–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701820174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huey, S. J., Tilley, J. L., Jones, E. O., & Smith, C. A. (2014). The contribution of cultural competence to evidence-based care for ethnically diverse populations. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 305–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh, V. W. (2012). Ethnic microaggressions and the depressive and somatic symptoms of Latino and Asian American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(7), 831–846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9756-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jernigan, M. M., & Daniel, J. H. (2011). Racial trauma in the lives of Black children and adolescents: Challenges and clinical implications. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4(2), 123–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. C., & Neblett, E. W. (2016). Ethnic-racial socialization protective factors and mechanisms in psychosocial prevention and intervention programs for black youth. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(2), 134–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0201-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. C. T., & Neblett, E. W. (2017). Future directions in research on racism-related stress and ethnic-racial socialization protective factors for Black youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46, 754–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, P. A. (1973). Perception of racial cues in preschool children: A new look. Developmental Psychology, 8(2), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, U., Yang, K. S., & Hwang, K. K. (Eds.). (2006). Indigenous and cultural psychology. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malott, K. M., & Schaefle, S. (2015). Addressing clients’ experiences of racism: A model for clinical practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93(3), 361–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Baró, I. (1994). Writings for a liberation psychology (A. Aron & S. Corne, Eds.). Harvard University Press.

  • Mathews, C. J., Medina, M., Bañales, J., Pinetta, B. J., Marchand, A. D., Agi, A. C., Miller, S. M., Hoffman, A. J., Diemer, M. A., & Rivas-Drake, D. (2019). Mapping the intersections of adolescents’ racial-ethnic identity and critical consciousness. Adolescent Research Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-019-00122-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melendez, J. L., Tan, I., Lau, J. C., & Leung, J. (2020). Practical resources for talking to children with autism about systemic racism. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14(2), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00500-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, I. W., Anderson, R. E., Are, F., & Ritchwood, T. (2021). Healing interpersonal and racial trauma: Integrating racial socialization into trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for African American youth. Child Maltreatment, 26(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520921457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minoff, E. (2018). Entangled roots: The role of race in policies that separate families. Center for the Study of Social Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosley, D. V., Hargons, C. N., Meiller, C., Angyal, B., Wheeler, P., Davis, C., & Stevens-Watkins, D. (2021). Critical consciousness of anti-Black racism: A practical model to prevent and resist racial trauma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadal, K. L. (2017). “Let’s get in formation”: On becoming a psychologist-activist in the 21st century. American Psychologist, 72, 935–946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadal, K. L. (2020). From revelations to revolutions: Integrating social justice principles into behavioral and cognitive science. The Behavior Therapist, 43(7), 271–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Association of Social Workers. (2017). Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. National Association of Social Workers.

  • Neblett, E. W., Jr., Rivas-Drake, D., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2012). The promise of racial and ethnic protective factors in promoting ethnic minority youth development. Child Development Perspectives, 6(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00239.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neville, H. A., Ruedas-Gracia, N., Lee, B. A., Ogunfemi, N., Maghsoodi, A. H., Mosley, D. V., LaFromboise, T. D., & Fine, M. (2021). The public psychology for liberation training model: A call to transform the discipline. American Psychologist, 76(8), 1248–1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pachter, L. M., & Coll, C. G. (2009). Racism and child health: A review of the literature and future directions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(3), 255–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parham, T. A. (Ed.). (2002). Counseling persons of African descent: Raising the bar of practitioner competence. Sage.

  • Phillips, L. (2000). Recontextualizing Kenneth B. Clark: An Afrocentric perspective on the paradoxical legacy of a model psychologist-activist. History of Psychology, 3, 142–167. https://doi.org/10.1037/1093-4510.3.2.142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piña, A. A., Polo, A. J., & Huey, S. J. (2019). Evidence-based psychosocial interventions for ethnic minority youth: The 10-year update. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(2), 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1567350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, R. (1991). Racism and prejudice as negative impacts on African American clients in therapy. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 213–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, L. (2016). Incorporating intersectionality into psychology: An opportunity to promote social justice and equity. American Psychologist, 71, 474–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saleem, F. T., Anderson, R. E., & Williams, M. (2020). Addressing the “myth” of racial trauma: Developmental and ecological considerations for youth of color. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, P., & Adams, G. (2013). Toward a critical race psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(11), 781–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Berezin, M. N., Wallach, L. N., Godfrey, E. B., & Javdani, S. (2021). Traumatic incidents and experiences of racism and sexism: Examining associations with components of critical consciousness for system-involved girls of color. American Journal of Community Psychology, 67, 64–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, J. A., Barbarin, O., & Cassidy, J. (2021). Working toward anti-racist perspectives in attachment theory, research, and practice. Attachment & Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2021.1976933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (2014). The development of adaptive competence: Why cultural psychology is necessary and not just nice. Developmental Review, 34(3), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W. (2015). Therapeutic harm and cultural oppression. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(3), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014565713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, D. P., Cunningham, M., Youngblood, J., & Spencer, M. B. (2009). Racial identity development during childhood. In H. Neville, B. Tynes, & S. O. Utsey (Eds.), Handbook of African American psychology (pp. 269–281). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, J. K., Callahan, J. L., Tompkins, K. A., Connor, D. R., & Dunn, R. (2015). A delay-discounting measure of preference for racial/ethnic matching in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 52, 315–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Undeserved, 9, 117–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TorresRivera, E., & Comas-Díaz, L. (2020). Introduction. In L. Comas-Díaz & E. TorresRivera (Eds.), Liberation psychology: Theory, method, practice, and social justice (pp. 3–13). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000198-001

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., & Dougé, J. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144, e20191765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E., Jr, Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Syed, M., Yip, T., Seaton, E., & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, R. J., Diemer, M. A., & Voight, A. M. (2011). Critical consciousness: Current status and future directions. New Directions for Child & Adolescent Development, 2011(134), 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, R. J., & Flanagan, C. (2007). Pushing the envelope on youth civic engagement: A developmental and liberation psychology perspective. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(6), 779–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. T., Metzger, I. W., Leins, C., & DeLapp, C. (2018). Assessing racial trauma within a DSM-5 framework: The UConn racial/ethnic stress & trauma survey. Practice Innovations, 3, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zayas, L. H. (2001). Incorporating struggles with racism and ethnic identity in therapy with adolescents. Clinical Social Work Journal, 29(4), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012267230300

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, 2015 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA

    Mehar N. Singh & Omar G. Gudiño

Authors
  1. Mehar N. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Omar G. Gudiño
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Singh, M.N., Gudiño, O.G. Translating Liberation Psychology for Children and Adolescents from Historically Marginalized Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds: A Synthesis of the Literature. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 26, 65–81 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00416-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00416-1

Search

Navigation