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Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid into γ-Valerolactone Over Ruthenium Catalysts Supported on Metal–Organic Frameworks in Aqueous Medium

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Abstract

Liquid-phase hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) was investigated over Metal–Organic Framework- and zeolite-supported ruthenium catalysts in aqueous media at low reaction temperature. Ru/MIL-101(Cr) showed the highest activities over Ru/MIL-100(Cr) and the investigated Ru/zeolite catalysts in terms of both turn over frequencies (TOFs) for LA-to-GVL transformation and GVL formation rate. The catalytic activity of Ru/MIL-100(Cr) was comparable to Ru/HY-zeolite (Si/Al ≥ 5.2). The Ru/MIL-101(Cr) provided a combination of both high acidity of MIL-101(Cr) support and high dispensability of metallic sites, which promotes LA hydrogenation to 4-hydroxypentanoic acid and subsequent esterification of 4-hydroxypentanoic acid to GVL via a simultaneous access of LA into the both sites. Under the investigated mild reaction conditions, both GVL selectivity and yield exceeding 99 % with a full conversion of LA were obtained by using Ru/MIL-101(Cr) catalyst at a reaction temperature of 70°C after 5 h under H2 pressure of 1.0 MPa. Moreover, Ru/MIL-101(Cr) can be easily reused at least for four times.

Graphical Abstract

Ruthenium immobilized on Metal–Organic Frameworks is efficiently used as recyclable catalyst for levulinic acid hydrogenation to biomass-based γ-valerolactone.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (21472189), National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2012CB215304), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (2015A030312007), and Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (2015A010106010).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China

      Yuanyuan Guo, Yonglei Li & Jinzhu Chen

    2. Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China

      Yuanyuan Guo, Yonglei Li & Jinzhu Chen

    3. Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China

      Yuanyuan Guo, Yonglei Li & Jinzhu Chen

    4. School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China

      Limin Chen

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    1. Yuanyuan Guo
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    Correspondence to Jinzhu Chen.

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    Yuanyuan Guo and Yonglei Li have contributed equally to this work.

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    Guo, Y., Li, Y., Chen, J. et al. Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid into γ-Valerolactone Over Ruthenium Catalysts Supported on Metal–Organic Frameworks in Aqueous Medium. Catal Lett 146, 2041–2052 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-016-1819-1

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